
































































































































































































Class. 

Book_ M h* _ 

Copyright N°__ 

COfWIGHT DEPOSIT. 






























1 










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d 











THE POLICE 
RECRUIT 

(Police Manual of Physical Training ) 

BY 

ARTHUR W. WALLANDER 
Sergeant of Police 
Training School 

City of Netv York , N. Y., U. S. A. 



Published by 
SIEBEL PRESS 
9-13 Walker St., N. Y., U. S. A. 



Copyright 1923 by 
Arthur W. Wallander 


If ' 
* 


JUL12 ’23 


©Cl A711155 

I 







TABLE OF CONTENTS 


Page 

The Recruit. jq 

Health Talk. 

Physical and Personal Appearance. 23 

Breathing. 25 

a—Rules for the Prevention of Colds. 29 

Posture . 31 

Walking . 35 

Ventilation . 41 

Baths . 43 

American Art of Self Defense. 45 

a—Balance . 47 

b—Practise . 51 

c—Factors. 53 

d—Hammerlock. 55 

e—Strangle Hold. 57 

f—Arm Lock from the Rear. 61 

g—Right Swing to Head. 63 

h—Straight Punch to Head. 65 

i—Head and Hip Lock. 68 

j—Inside Waist and Strangle Hold. 68 

k—Revolver Pointed at Stomach. 69 

1—Knife Attack to Head. 71 

m—Knife Attack to Stomach. 73 

n—Head in Chancery. 74 

o—Attack from Rear, Both Arms Around Neck.... 75 
p—Leg Attack. 77 



























Page 

Bullies, Treatment of. 80 

Boxing . 84 

a—Factors . 85 

b—Training . 87 

c—Position of Guard. 89 

d—Waist Exercise. 91 

e—Defense Methods. 93 

f—Class Work. 94 

Calisthenics . 96 

a—Abdominal Exercises. 98 

b—Arm Exercises.100 

c—Leg Exercises.101 

d—^Breathing Exercises.103 

Marching Calisthenics and Leg Exercises.105 

a—Leg Exercises.107 

b—Arm Exercises.108 

c—Leg Exercises, Double Time.110 

Raising and Carrying an Unconscious Person.113 

a—Lowering an Unconscious Person....116 

Drill Regulations.117 

Care of the Feet.129 

a—Foot Strain.131 

b—Primary Causes of Most Foot Ailments.134 

Symptoms of Flat Foot.135 

Swimming . 137 

a—Rescue of drowning Persons.139 

b—Treatment for Drowning Persons.141 

Artificial Respiration. 142 






























FOREWORD 


While this hook has been written prim¬ 
arily for the enlightenment and instruction 
of the guardians of communities and cities 
—the policemen—it also aims to aid those 
citizens who realize the necessity and value 
of maintaining a sound body and an alert 
mind. 

Without the co-ordination of these two 
factors—body and mind—there can be no 
proper realization of ideals, no true hap¬ 
piness, no efficiency. It is therefore essen¬ 
tial that health and bodily vigor be main¬ 
tained at all times. 

The information contained herein has 
been gathered in the course of many years 
of experience in the training of police 
recruits. In its preparation I am indebted 
to my co-workers in the training school of 
the New York Police Department — Mili¬ 
tary Captain Charles E. Schofield, Sergt. 
Thomas M. Shaw, Acting Sergt. Isadore 
Cantor and Patrolmen Julius P. Brilla, 
William Spengler, John Ruff—for their 
invaluable assistance and advice in making 
this book possible. 


The Author, 






New York, June 15 th, 1923 


To the Reader: 

During my long term of years as a police officer, 
and particularly the twelve years I have been in 
charge of the training of police recruits of New 
York City, there have come before my attention 
scores upon scores of young men w T ho lacked even 
an elementary knowledge of what it means to 
possess health and bodily vigor. 

Most of these embryonic aspirants to guardian¬ 
ship of law and order were under the impression 
that all one had to do to become an officer was to 
pass a civil service examination, be examined by 
a physician and don a uniform. This is far from 
the truth. In fact, the crucial test is the physical 
test. A man may possess the greatest of faculties, 
have the necessary height and weight, but if he is 
not physically fit he can never hope to become a 
police officer. 

Without the knowledge of how to keep and stay 
fit, and without possessing physical fitness to cope 
with every emergency, a policeman cannot render 
good service. For most of the work centers mainly 
in combating the unruly, the rowdies, the bullies. 
To properly handle this body of law-breaking citi¬ 
zens it is of paramount importance that each 
candidate for police honors be as perfect as possible 


8 




both mentally and physically. It requires an alert 
mind, coupled with a strong body, to efficiently 
maintain law and order. 

The training required by the New York City 
Police Department extends over a period of two 
months. During this time every man is on pro¬ 
bation. He is put through a thorough course of 
physical instruction, and if he fails to fulfil the 
exacting requirements the fact that he has passed 
the civil service examinations avails him nothing. 
He is automatically rejected. 

The candidates are instructed by a group of 
thoroughly experienced officers. The training is 
exacting, rigorous. By the time the two months 
period is completed every man is fit to “walk a 
beat.” Those who, through lack of interest or 
failure to measure up to the standard, do not pass 
the tests are not recommended for uniform duty 
and are dropped from the roster. 

This book of instruction fills a long felt want. 
I have noted carefully its contents, and I strongly 
recommend it not only to those who are eager to 
become policemen, but also to that vast nr I: tude 
of citizens who must of necessity maintain a sound, 
keen, alert body and mind to successfully carry 
on life’s work. 

( Signed ) CHARLES E. SCHOFIELD, 

Military Captain, 

New York Police Training School., 


9 


THE RECRUIT 


The embryo policeman’s entrance upon 
a police career is of importance to the wel¬ 
fare of all with whom he comes in contact, 
and unless he is properly equipped both 
mentally and physically and instructed in 
the necessity of maintaining and improv¬ 
ing these qualifications, his efficiency as a 
police officer will unquestionably be low. 

Police heads throughout the country are 
beginning to realize the necessity for 
training police recruits for their jobs, and 
to this end have instituted or planned to 
institute an efficient system of training. 

The present system of physical training 
which the police recruit receives in the 
training school of the New York City 
Police Department (the pioneers in this 
advanced movement) has been the means 
of eliminating the flat-footed, big stom¬ 
ached and lazy men, and replacing with 


10 


THE RECRUIT 


11 


the mentally and physically alert, strong, 
fleetfooted and soldierly officer. This 
modern and up-to-date method of training 
is a big factor toward bringing to the sur¬ 
face the qualifications a policeman is 
expected to possess, contrary to the old 
order of things, when no schooling was 
provided. 

A policeman’s job is one of the most 
honorable of all callings. His tasks are 
many and because of the varied nature of 
them, he must for the preservation of law 
and order and for the protection of life 
and property, be possessed with the quali¬ 
fications necessary to cope successfully 
with each case that mav come before him. 
He is sometimes called upon to overtake 
and overpower desperate criminals, to pre¬ 
vent riots and restore order at riots, to 
protect life and property against destruc¬ 
tion, to rescue persons from burning build¬ 
ings and persons in danger of drowning, 
and to assist in the care and removal of the 
sick and injured, all of which calls upon 
the physical being for speed of feet and 
hands, agility and strength of muscle, a 


THE RECRUIT 


fair knowledge of haml-to-hand fighting, 
rescue and first aid work. These are only 
a few of the physical tasks—mentally he 
has many more, the details of which in any 
two cases are seldom presented alike. 

The task of performing duty almost 
continually on his feet, day in and day out 
is one requiring the attention of the indi¬ 
vidual. He should by a careful system of 
exercises and diet avoid becoming over¬ 
weight which very often results in foot 
ailments and sometimes flat feet. The 
practice of standing and walking correctly 
as set forth in this book is a great aid to 
prevention of this condition, as is also 
bathing of the feet at regular intervals, 
and securing of sufficient rest and sleep 
while off duty. 

Men who apply for police jobs are 
recruited from all walks of life. Some have 
probably never before been in a gym¬ 
nasium and are therefore unacquainted 
with the value of physical training and 
the importance attached to the physical fit¬ 
ness of a policeman. 

A fit policeman is a credit to the depart- 



THE RECRUIT 


13 


ment he represents, the community he 
serves and to himself and family. It is 
for such reasons that police authorities 
and public-spirited citizens should interest 
themselves in a matter of such vital im¬ 
portance to the welfare of all, and see to 
it that police recruits receive sufficient and 
proper training. 

The system of physically training the 
police recruit now in vogue in the Police 
Oepartment of the City of New York is 
an up-to-date, practical and efficient one. 
Following appointment, the men are as¬ 
signed to the training school and there 
formed into .squads, platoons and compa¬ 
nies, the number of companies dependent 
upon the number of appointees, care be¬ 
ing taken to properly size off the men 
according to their height. 

The school curriculum (physical) com¬ 
prises instructions in the following sub¬ 
jects: 

The school of the soldier, squad, platoon 
and company is first taken up to inculcate 
a semi-military spirit and to impart a 
knowledge of close order military forma- 


14 


THE RECRUIT 


tions and the orders and commands neces¬ 
sary to form such units. This is abso¬ 
lutely necessary for the proper conduct 
and organization of men that they may 
interpret accurately and execute promptly 
all lawful orders received from superiors, 
as is necessary in the daily routine of police 
work—the transferring of men from one 
place to another. 

The rifle is used in the manual of arms 
and the drill manual without command, to 
teach them to concentrate and to co-ordi¬ 
nate mind and muscle. 

(Calisthenics)—Setting up exercises 
the foundation of all physical training is 
taken up for the purpose of developing 
the muscular system and to create agility 
and endurance and to correct the posture 
so important in a policeman’s get-up. 

The American Art of Self-Defense is 
the most important subject of the schedule. 
It takes in class instruction as well as 
instructions on the mat, whereby the 
policeman is taught to cope successfully 
with criminals and unruly persons resist¬ 
ing arrest or detention. 



THE RECRUIT 


15 


Boxing is taken up to teach the men to 
protect themselves from the blows of 
assailants and to counter-attack accurately 
and effectively should the occasion require 
such action. As an exercise it develops 
speed, agility, self-confidence and control 
in emergencies. 

An intensive form of exercise with the 
rifle is used to harden the body and to 
remove all traces of superfluous flesh. It 
also teaches fast thinking and co-ordina¬ 
tion of mind and muscle. 

Ladder scaling is indulged in to teach 
men to scale low hanging fire escape drop 
ladders as is necessary in the case of fire 
when access to a building by way of the 
hallway has been cut off by flames and 
smoke. For the protection of life and 
property, his presence in the building is 
absolutely necessary to arouse persons 
therein or to rescue and assist in their 
rescue, should they be trapped by the fire. 
This training in ladder scaling is also an 
excellent method for developing the arms, 
shoulder and back muscles of the body. 


HEALTH TALK 


A good definition of Health is the 
ability to do all things proper to the human 
body in the most perfect manner possible. 

A perfect state of health implies that 
every organ in the body has its due share 
of exercise; that is, it lives in proportion 
to its activity. A man breathes in from 3 to 
8 times as much air when he is walking or 
running at top speed as when tying down 
at rest. The work of the heart is doubled 
and the blood is flowing twice as fast 
through the system, with the result that 
all parts of the body are receiving in¬ 
creased nourishment and stimulation pro¬ 
portionate to the increase of activity, 
reflecting this nourishment and stimula¬ 
tion through the clearness and brightness 
of the skin and eyes. 

The worlds greatest thinkers and 
geniuses have understood the absolute 


16 


HEALTH TALKS 


17 


necessity of a change from mental to 
physical activity and for this reason have 
been able to accomplish huge tasks, and 
live long to fulfil their realizations and 
ideals. 

Over-indulgence in any act involving 
the use of the muscles is to be discouraged 
for the reason that it burns up an excessive 
amount of vitality which tends to weaken 
rather than strengthen the body. If we 
examine all the rules for securing health 
and the leading secrets of long life, we 
find that one of the earliest is temperance. 

A clear and receptive mind, a healthy 
body and the will to do, insures one’s earn¬ 
ing capacity against poverty. It is the 
aim of all to be self-reliant and to provide 
the necessities of life for themselves and 
dependents by laboring either mentally or 
physically for the medium by which food, 
clothing and shelter can be procured. No 
self-respecting person who is able-bodied 
seeks charity, but very often people are 
forced to accept charity when health fails 
them, thus putting a check on their use- 


18 


HEALTH TALKS 


fulness. Nature always warns one of im¬ 
pending danger and failure to heed her 
call results in a breakdown. 

Beginning with early childhood the 
body requires physical exercise propor¬ 
tionate to the health and strength of the 
individual. There are certain forms of 
exercise that will build and strengthen the 
muscles of the body and others that will 
create speed and agility. All forms of 
exercises excite the blood to increased cir¬ 
culation and if taken with earnest effort 
will induce perspiration that will assist the 
body to throw off waste matter by excret¬ 
ing it through the pores of the skin. A 
bath taken after exercising will cleanse the 
body, causing the skin to glow with a 
healthy pink color, the outward expression 
of perfect health. 

The internal organs as well as the mus¬ 
cular system are benefited by systematic 
exercise. This is particularly true of the 
digestive organs, wherein most diseases of 
the body due to lack of exercise and im¬ 
proper diet are said to originate. 


HEALTH TALKS 


19 


Children derive the exercise necessary 
for health through their physical efforts 
while at play. Adults should adopt some 
such method, but in another sportive 
sphere. 

Fatiguing exekcises, if indulged in 
with a system, will improve the wind and 
staying powers. When you have attained 
a high state of physical perfection by ar¬ 
duous work, it is then a simple matter to 
maintain fitness by continued light exer¬ 
cise. A man who cannot spend an hour 
or two in the gymnasium at least three 
days a week, should indulge in resisting 
and relax muscle swaying exercises at 
home, either morning or night for periods 
of at least fifteen minutes. This work 
should be done one-half hour before or 
after meals. 

Do not indulge in insipid and trifling 
pastimes for exercise. While they are not 
harmful, they are of very little benefit, 
because the body requires more exercise 
than these pastimes can give. Such great 
American games as Handball, Baseball, 


20 


HEALTH TALKS 


Football, Rowing, Tennis and Golf will 
give a sufficient amount of exercise to 
excite circulation of the blood, as well as 
to quicken the eyes and muscles. 

Due to the keen competition which 
exists in the business affairs of today 
which necessarily involve a great amount 
of brain work and causes mental fatigue, 
it follows that relaxation is the road 
toward restoration of energy expended. 
Unless some way of diverting attention 
from the daily grind is resorted to, a 
breakdown is sure to result, manifesting 
itself in the physical self by lack of appe¬ 
tite, weakness of body, etc. To avoid all 
chance of such a breakdown, a form of 
recreation involving physical effort is ad¬ 
vocated, not too strenuous but with suffi¬ 
cient effort to bring the muscles of the 
body into play to increase circulation of 
the blood. All such recreative exercises 
should be indulged in while in the open air 
to get a maximum amount of oxygen into 
the lungs, which in itself is a heat genera¬ 
ting and vitalizing agent. 


HEALTH TALKS 


21 


Motion expressed in muscular activity 
is a keynote to health. If we labor by 
other than muscular activity and pay no 
attention to exercise of the muscle struc¬ 
ture, our health will suffer as a conse¬ 
quence. 

As a rule big business men are strong, 
vigorous, robust and red-blooded. They 
have a favorite method of taking physical 
exercise to promote and maintain health, 
realizing that without health their mental 
efficiency suffers with the result that big 
business deals cannot be successfully 
transacted. 

It is not necessary to indulge in an in¬ 
tensive training schedule to bring about 
health and physical fitness. A system of 
training involving a form of exercise that 
will stimulate the heart action and accel¬ 
erate the circulation of the blood is advo¬ 
cated, so that all parts of the body are 
thus reached and nourished. The final 
results of such training are increase in 
stamina, a light, springy step, a clear head 
and a contented mind. 

The battle of life requires full-blooded, 


22 


HEALTH TALKS 


strong, active and mentally alert men to 
successfully cope with the ever-increasing 
competition in affairs of today. It is 
often, and rightly said, that only the fittest 
survive, the predominating factor being 
the proper care of the body. 

If we begin each day with a smile and 
a song, we are automatically adjusting 
ourselves to a positive attitude of mind. 
We must dispel a grouch or lack of cour¬ 
age or faith and center attention upon 
achievement expressed in confidence and 
will power. 

Brooding over gloomy thoughts or 
reverses is an obstacle to the maintenance 
of health. The organs of the body cannot 
function properly when the mind is un¬ 
easy, this being particularly true of the 
organs of digestion and w r aste elimination. 

In summing up, the facts show that an 
optimistic mind is constructive and a 
pessimistic mind destructive to health. 


PHYSICAL AND PERSONAL 
APPEARANCE 


Have you ever considered the impor¬ 
tance of presenting a clean-cut, healthy 
figure among people whom you meet in 
a business or social way, and the impres¬ 
sion that is made by just such an appear¬ 
ance? Most people will be delighted to 
be in your company and be glad to know 
you as a friend provided, however, you do 
not make yourself offensive in other ways. 

The impression that is made with others 
when meeting for the first time is impor¬ 
tant, for it is often said that the first im¬ 
pression is lasting. 

You are first sized up in a general way 
for appearance, next for intelligence 
usually derived from conversation, again 
for amiableness and breeding by deport¬ 
ment. These are qualifications that should 
be developed to a high standard and main- 


23 


« 


24 PHYSICAL AND PERSONAL APPEARANCE 


tained as such. They are of vital impor¬ 
tance when seeking employment. The 
employer usually selects the best material 
available, judging from the greatest num¬ 
ber of these assets in the applicant. 

A CLEAN-CUT AND SNAPPY POLICE OF¬ 
FICER. who is well-groomed, is a picture to 
look at. His appearance alone can com¬ 
mand respect from both the law-abiding 
and the lawless elements. The law abid¬ 
ing will confide in him and assure him of 
their whole-hearted co-operation, and the 
lawless element will for self-security re¬ 
main away from his post. 


BREATHING 


Life is the interval between one breath 
and another. He who only half breathes, 
only half lives but he who uses natural 
rhythm in breathing has control over every 
function of his body. 

Everyone knows that cold hands and 
feet mean poor circulation, but few know 
that faulty circulation means faulty or in¬ 
complete breathing. To have pink cheeks, 
warm hands and feet, it is necessary that 
the blood reaching these extremities should 
be warmed by oxygen. 

The heart is merely a four-valved pump 
whose sole duty it is to force the tissue 
building blood to the utmost parts of the 
body. In most of the cases of cold hands 
and feet, it is the quality and quantity of 
oxygen that is conveyed to the blood and 
not the heart that is at fault. The blood 
is not receiving its fuel in sufficient quan- 


25 


26 


BREATHING 


tities to supply all parts of the body, it 
being consumed before it reaches the ex¬ 
tremities. While the circulation of the 
blood may be good the circulation of 
oxygen is poor. 

The practice of deep breathing as an aid 
to the heart is of great importance when 
we take into consideration that oxygen, 
when taken in by the lung cells, revitalizes 
and stimulates the blood, increasing the 
flow which, in turn, relieves the heart of 
some of its work as a pump. 

Correct management of the breath 
is of prime importance to the student of 
physical culture. Breathe exclusively 
through the nose so that the air may be 
warmed and purified before reaching the 
lungs. This habit will in a large measure 
obviate the disagreeable effects of dry 
mouth, and sore throat so common to per¬ 
sons who constantly breathe through the 
mouth. Breathing exercises should be 
done principally in the open air. Become 
an enthusiast in a subject so vital to 
health. 


BREATHING 


27 


It is now generally admitted by auth¬ 
orities on physical culture that the abdom¬ 
inal method is the natural and correct way 
of breathing. During inhalation the ab¬ 
dominal wall moves outward, the dia¬ 
phragm contracts and descends, while the 
lungs resting on the latter are expanded 
to their fullest capacity. In exhalation 
the reverse movement takes place. It is 
considered incorrect to breathe by inflat¬ 
ing the chest and drawing in the abdomen. 

Obstruction in the nose passages will 
cause mouth breathing, a common cause 
of ill health that will very often impair 
mental and physical development. A nose 
specialist should be consulted with a view 
of eliminating such impairment. 

Some oe the advantages of deep 

BREATHING AS AN EXERCISE ARE: 

1— It will cause a body that has become 
chilled from the cold to respond and be¬ 
come warm. 

2— An occasional deep breath taken 
while engaged in a strenuous athletic con- 



28 


BREATHING 


test will have the effect of creating and 
restoring to the body some of the energy 
expended. 

3—Deep breathing will eliminate the 
possibility of any lung cells becoming dor¬ 
mant and failing to function. 

Many of us are subject to colds in the 
head, throat and lungs, a condition that 
can be eliminated or prevented by the 
daily practice of deep breathing. 

A police officer who is performing patrol 
duty during severe cold and inclement 
weather can prevent the body and its ex¬ 
tremities becoming cold or chilled by in¬ 
dulging at frequent intervals in deep 
breathing. 

While on patrol during the late tour or 
night shift, the practice of deep breathing 
will take away much of the tired feeling 
as well as to quicken the observation and 
create alertness. 

In the course of a conversation with a 
noted Japanese professor of physical cul¬ 
ture and Jiu Jitsu, he said that deep 
breathing as an aid to prevent or eliminate 


RULES FOR PREVENTION OF COLDS 29 


colds has no equal. His method was to 
inflate the lungs to full capacity and hold 
the breath for several seconds, then by 
quickly depressing the chest and dia¬ 
phragm, force out the air with a gush. 
This method has been tried and found to 
be an excellent exercise to strengthen the 
lungs and intestinal organs as well as to 
relieve the throat of any mucous or germ 
deposits that may have lodged in the air 
passages. 

Rui.es for Prevention of Colds 

Colds can be prevented by observing the 
following rules: 

1— Breathe exclusively through the 
nose. 

2— Practice conscious breathing. 

3— Practice deep breathing. 

4— Seek outdoor occupations and rec¬ 
reation. 

5— Ventilate every room you occupy. 






30 RULES FOR PREVENTION OF COLDS 


6— Wear light, loose and porous cloth¬ 
ing. 

7— Dress in accordance with the 
weather. 

8— Avoid over-eating. 

9— Eat slowly, thoroughly chewing 
your food. 

10— Use sufficient water internally and 
externally. 

11— Evacuate thoroughly, regularly 
and frequently. 

12— Take baths after exercising to 
thoroughly cleanse the body. 




POSTURE 


Good posture is the best adjustment of 
the parts of the body to each other, and 
the body as a whole to its work. While it 
is important to organic health, it is also 
the physical expression of mental alert¬ 
ness. The essentials of good posture are, 
the erect head, the straight trunk, the high 
chest, and the weight of the body resting 
evenly on both feet. (See fig. 1.) 

Good posture is nothing more than a 
habit, the result of daily practice and 
should be given special attention when 
standing to speak or recite, also during 
the course of a physical training period. 

The best results are obtained when one 
becomes aware of physical defects and sets 
about to correct these faults. Exercises 
that will strengthen the erector muscles of 
the body should be indulged in to the ex¬ 
tent that it becomes no more unusual in 


31 


32 


POSTURE 


one’s life than eating. 

In order that the body may remain in a 
state of stable equilibrium in any posture, 
it is essential that the vertical line passing 
through the center of gravity shall fall 
within the base of support. 

Sitting posture is a restful position, 
with the hips level, the back of the body 
against the back of the seat, the trunk 
erect. The hands may be placed on a desk 
or grasping the sides of a chair, but never 
behind the back. 

If on account of occupation it is neces¬ 
sary to sit for the greater part of working 
hours, it will be found refreshing to get 
up from the chair and indulge in light 
exercise and deep breathing to increase the 
circulation of the blood and relieve stiff¬ 
ness of the joints, as is often the result of 
being seated for long periods. 

This small period of activity will have 
the effect of inculcating mental alertness 
and accuracy. 

An improper standing or sitting posi¬ 
tion is a bad habit and will distort the dia¬ 
phragm and prevent the full intake of 


POSTURE 


33 


f 


breath, a condition that will ultimately 
cause ill health. A depressed chest rounds 
the shoulders and gives one a bad carriage 
to say nothing of the effect on one’s physi¬ 
cal self. 

If, through inattention and carelessness 
in observance, you have lapsed into habits 
of incorrect carriage, if your body has 
slumped and is out of alignment with the 
abdomen protruding, then if care in the 
effort to sit, stand and walk correctly is 
taken daily, the body will respond and 
again assume normalcy. Learn of your 
physical defects and set out to eliminate 
them by corrective exercises. 

When standing at ease, the most restful 
position to assume is to spread the feet 
about fifteen to eighteen inches apart and 
parallel to each other, the weight of the 
body resting equally on both feet, the 
hands clasped behind the body. This 
position in addition to being restful keeps 
the body in perfect alignment. 

Do not fold the arms across the chest, 
because it will cause the chest to sag, 
thereby impeding breathing. It will also 


34 


POSTURE 


throw the vertebral column out of align¬ 
ment and in due time produce physical 
disorders. 

To relieve the strain of standing for 
long periods of time, practice rising on the 
toes and rocking back on the heels. Prac¬ 
tice leg bending exercises, bending to a 
quarter, half and full bend, for they are 
invaluable when used for the prevention 
and cure of flat feet. 


r- 







WALKING 


Walking is an act that involves almost 
all of the voluntary muscles of the body, 
either for the purpose of progression or 
for balancing the head and trunk. 

There is no exercise of greater value to 
health and for prolonging life than walk¬ 
ing, if followed up systematically. 

To walk nine to twelve miles a day is 
the equivalent of one day’s labor as per¬ 
formed by the average workman, and is 
the amount of exercise that each individual 
should perform daily to keep physically 
fit. 

Walking at the rate of four miles per 
hour, is to take a thirty-inch step at the 
rate of one hundred and forty steps a 
minute, which is considered the proper 
step and cadence for an exercise walk. 

When walking for exercise, avoid the 
city streets with its curb stones and con- 


35 


36 


WALKING 


gested pedestrian and vehicular traffic. If 
convenient, resort to parkways or high¬ 
ways in the unbuilt up sections of the city. 
This will obviate the necessity of changing 
pace and continually altering stride. 

No particular time of the day is speci¬ 
fied for exercise walks. Exercise when 
you find the time most convenient. 

Men like Weston, O’Leary, Day and 
numerous others who are continually hik¬ 
ing long distances and reveling in it, are 
fine examples of physical fitness. Ex¬ 
ploits of these men should be given pub¬ 
licity to encourage others both young and 
old to take up walking. 

Walking is every man’s adventure. It 

is the most interesting as well as the most 

healthful pastime. It has one of the chief 

elements of fun in it. It costs nothing. 

The amount of fun in any amusement is 

directly decreased in proportion to the 

amount of monev it costs. 

%/ 

There is no better way to see the coun¬ 
try and to lay ones mind close up against 
nature than to walk the highways. 
People who skim along in automobiles 


WALKING 


37 


hear about as much of the music of nature 
as a man would who runs in one door of a 
concert hall during a recital and out an¬ 
other. There is an exhilaration in the 
broad highway that stimulates the soul, a 
pleasant freedom that cannot be expe¬ 
rienced in the turbulent city streets. 

The consensus of opinion among au¬ 
thorities of physical culture as well as foot 
specialists is, that walking to promote 
health, to prolong life, to aid digestion, to 
eliminate the possibility of suffering from 
falling arches cannot be equaled by any 
other form of exercise. 

The foot should be planted on the 
ground so that its center line points 
directly toward the line of travel. In other 
words, the feet are parallel to each other 
when traveling. (See fig. 2.) 

Walking with the feet pointed outward 
should be discouraged for the reason that 
the weight of the body is thrust on the 
inside of the foot, a condition that will 
ultimately result in foot disorders and 
general physical breakdown, whereas 
walking with the feet parallel will elimi- 


58 


WALKING 


nate such possibilities. 

The best example of the proper way to 
walk can be realized when we consider the 
infant while walking. It commences by 
pointing the toes slightly inward, later on 
walking with the feet parallel and it will 
continue to walk in this manner unless 
instructed otherwise. From this we must 
conclude that nature intended that we 

this way. 

When occupation compels one to stand 
on their feet for unusual periods of time, 
foot exercise should be resorted to, to re¬ 
lieve the feet of strain. Policemen, store 
salesmen, salesgirls, and restaurant waiters 
are the chief sufferers from foot troubles, 
and they are responsible to themselves 
only for any continued suffering when a 
cure can be effected by natural and simple 
methods. 

Patrolmen who were suffering from 
falling arches have been assigned to the 
Police Training School for corrective ex¬ 
ercises. These men were on sick report 
and unable to perform police duty. Their 
physical and mental condition was such 


should walk in exactly 


39 


WALKING 


that they despaired of ever being cured. 
The}^ were assigned to the school for a 
period of two weeks, and conscientiously 
indulged in corrective exercises, leaving 
the school either cured or well on the road 
to recovery, so much so that they could 
walk about without pain and be of service 
to the department and themselves. 

The exercises used for correcting this 
condition are as follows: 

1— Walking with feet pointed inward 
so that the weight of the body rests on the 
outside of the foot, this for 5 minute 
periods and resting for 5 minutes, con¬ 
tinuing for 1 hour. 

2— With the feet pointed inward, raise 
the body up and down on the balls of the 
feet, exercising for 5 minute periods, rest¬ 
ing 5 minutes and repeat, continuing for 
one hour. 

3— Raise the body on the balls of the 
feet and rock back on the heels, with the 
weight of the body principally on the outer 



40 


WALKING 


part of the feet. Exercise for five min¬ 
utes, rest for five minutes; repeat and con¬ 
tinue for one hour. 

The intensity of the exercise should be 
increased as the pains leave. 


VENTILATION 


The proper ventilation of living rooms 
is an important factor in health. If the 
rooms are not properly ventilated, they 
become filled with carbon-dioxide gases. 
These gases that are thrown off by the 
lungs at exhalation, and which are poison¬ 
ous to the system, will remain in the room 
unless circulation is created to drive out 
the impure and admit the pure air, so vital 
to life. 

The sleeping chamber should be well 
ventilated when used, by opening the win¬ 
dow about 8 to 10 inches top and bottom, 
being careful to prevent drafts. 

During cold weather avoid sleeping in 
a heated room with the windows closed, 
as contact with the cold air when leaving 
the house will make the body susceptible 
to colds. 

Avoid sleeping in underwear. Change 


41 


42 


VENTILATION 


to pajamas or nightshirt. This change 
will airify the body and prevent the per¬ 
spiration which may have accumulated 
and dried in the underwear from entering 
the bed linen, thus providing clean and 
healthy sleeping conditions. 

Immediately after arising from bed, 
and before dressing you should indulge in 
about 10 minutes light calisthenics, the 
window being opened up wide to permit 
plenty of fresh air to come into the room. 
The benefits derived from such exercise 
taken in the morning are invaluable. It 
increases the circulation of the blood, ari- 
fies the body, creates mental alertness and 
efficiency, restores memory and brings a 
spirit of contentment. 


BATHS 


Baths should be taken after physical 
exercise to remove from the body all per¬ 
spiration and waste matter excreted 
through the pores of the skin. If the body 
is heated and the perspiration is flowing 
freely, hot water will cleanse the body and 
cold water will brace. 

A cold water bath can safely be taken if 
the body is heated—avoid a lengthy bath. 
A cold water bath is dangerous to health 
unless the body is in perfect physical con¬ 
dition and able to withstand the shock. 
After bath, rub down well and dress 
promptly, care being taken not to expose 
the body to drafts or cold. If it becomes 
necessary to go out-of-doors immediately 
after dressing, a safe precaution is to rub 
the body with alcohol or witch hazel. Do 
not stay in the bath for an unnecessary 
length of time, two or three minutes being; 


i 


43 



44 


BATHS 


sufficient. 

Do not allow the underclothing if wet 
from perspiration to dry on the body. 
Change without unnecessaiy delay; this 
will eliminate the possibility of contract¬ 
ing cold. 

A hot bath may safely be taken im¬ 
mediately before going to bed. 


THE AMERICAN ART OF 
SELF-DEFENSE 


A Combination of Wrestling, Jiu Jitsu 

and Boxing. 

Wrestling, we are told, originated with 
the Greeks and Romans in the early cen¬ 
turies. Its popularity quickly spread 
throughout Europe and it soon came to be 
recognized by many of the countries as its 
leading sport. Champions were developed 
at the various weights and pitted against 
champions of other countries to decide in¬ 
ternational supremacy. Keen competition 
and great excitement was in evidence at 
each tournament. Today it is recognized 
as a highly scientific and one of the most 
strenuous of sports as well as being an 
excellent body builder. 

Jiu Jrrsu originated in the far east 
islands of Japan. It is the result of a 




46 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


careful study and development on the part 
of its Japanese exponents. They studied 
bone, muscle and nerve structure of the 
human body with a view of seeking out 
the vulnerable points for attack, and to 
develop a system of defense and counter¬ 
attack against assaults. This was abso¬ 
lutely necessary to effectively apply lever¬ 
age and painful twists to the appendages 
to subdue an opponent. 

The application of Jiu Jitsu requires not 
so much strength or huge bulk, as speed, 
quick-thinking and co-ordination of mind 
and muscle. In addition to the above fac¬ 
tors, another, if not the most important 
of all, is the study of balance or equili¬ 
brium, in order to determine by noting the 
position of your opponent’s feet, the direc¬ 
tion in which pressure should be applied 
to disturb balance. 

Boxing needs no introduction to the 
boys of our country, almost all of whom 
indulge in it. Its popularity has rapidly 
spread to the European countries, wherein 
leading contenders for championship 
honors have been developed. 


BALANCE 


47 


The American Art of Self-Defense as 
developed and used in the New York 
Police Training School for the training of 
police recruits is the result of a close study 
of the three foregoing scientific sports and 
is used for the express purpose of develop¬ 
ing a defense and counter-attack against 
assaults in hand-to-hand encounters. 

During the past ten years, this method 
of training policemen has been under the 
scrutiny of many of our noted physical 
directors and university athletic coaches, 
as well as champions in the realm of box¬ 
ing, wrestling and Jiu Jitsu. All have 
endorsed it as being a system founded on 
a sound and constructive basis, for the 
training of men in hand-to-hand fighting. 

BALANCE 

The body is said to be in balance when 
the center of gravity falls within the area 
of both feet placed on the ground. 

To be effective in the defense of an at¬ 
tack, consideration must be given to the 
position of your feet as regards being 
firmly balanced. The weight of the body 


48 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


should be slightly more on the balls of the 
feet rather than on the heels, a position 
that will enable you to step or skip in a 
desired direction with ease as is sometimes 
necessary to avoid an assault. 

These instructions being wholly in¬ 
tended for defensive purposes, it follows 
that your opponent must be the aggressor, 
and being such his body is in motion, the 
balance of which can be more easily dis¬ 
turbed than when at rest. 

We will assume that you are about to 
be assaulted by a person who is speedily 
approaching you with the idea in mind of 
carrying out his intent by means of the 
fury of his attack. Now let us assume 
that you know absolutely nothing of self- 
defense methods and that you are inferior 
in size and strength. You see him ap¬ 
proach and expect the attack, and not 
knowing what to do, it would be natural 
for you to become confused and bewildered 
with the result that his intent would be 
carried out with you as the unfortunate 
victim. 

On the other hand, assuming you have 


BALANCE 


49 


been schooled and become proficient in the 
art of self-defense and the same opponent 
should confront you; would you become 
confused, excited or over-awed by reason 
of his menacing attitude or superior size 
or the impending attack? The answer is 
NO. You would probably welcome the 
opportunity for the practice afforded by 
your would-be assailant. 

When anticipating an attack, face your 
opponent squarely so that you will be in 
a position to note any move he may make 
tending towards an attack. In taking this 
position, plant your feet firmly on the 
ground and about eighteen inches apart, 
the left foot slightly forward, hands at the 
side, the muscles of the arms set for instant 
use. Eyes fixed on opponent. 

Never take a step backward unless it 
is for defensive reasons. Keep cool. Try 
to figure out his plan of attack and 
quickly prepare to place yourself in a posi¬ 
tion to guard against it. Be on your guard 
for any ruse he may attempt to use for 
the purpose of taking your attention 
away from him. A little of this strategy 


50 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


practiced by yourself may have its effect 
and make you master of the situation. 

PRACTICE 

It is well to call to your attention the 
absolute necessity of practicing diligently 
and faithfully to become a master of the 
methods of self-defense. Practice with 
your father or brother at home, or if you 
are a member of an athletic organization, 
select a fellow-member of such organiza¬ 
tion who is willing to interest himself in 
this work and co-operate with you in its 
practice. 

It would be well for women as well as 
the men folks to know something of the 
American Art of Self-Defense, having in 
mind the many assaults committed upon 
women by the depraved. Many of these 
defenses are simple and yet very effective, 
and are known as natural methods of de¬ 
fense which can be used to inflict intense 
pain and severe bodily injury. 

While practicing with partner, care 
should be taken to avoid causing injury. 
The partners should commence by alter- 


PRACTICE 


51 


nating in securing a hold and then re¬ 
hearse the position that should be taken 
to effect a break. This should be done 
without throwing each other so that sure¬ 
ness of position can be learned. The ag¬ 
gressor should employ methods of attack 
in a manner that is as near reality as it can 
possibly be made without causing injury. 
In the practice of defensive work, it will 
not be expected that you be able to work 
with speed until you have learned accu¬ 
racy of position for hands and feet. Speed 
is then taken up and practiced to the ex¬ 
tent that all defensive moves are executed 

bv intuition. 

•/ 

Do not sacrifice accuracy of position for 
speed, because speed without sureness of 
defense will avail nothing. 

Having become thoroughly familiar 
with the preliminary exercises, you will 
take up the more strenuous work of throw¬ 
ing each other after breaking a hold. A 
thick padded mat should be used for this 
work, covering a floor space of about 12 x 
12 feet, the mats to be covered with a 
thin rug. 


53 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


Always be particular about your part¬ 
ner’s safety. Do not throw him beyond 
the edge of the mat. It may result in an 
injury that should have been avoided. 
When being thrown avoid stiffening of 
the arms and legs. Relaxed limbs will 
tend to eliminate the possibility of being 
injured. Do not fall on the wrists or el¬ 
bows first with the idea in mind that it 
will relieve shock, for the opposite effect 
will result. 

The factors necessary for the successful 
application of methods of self-defense are 
as follows: 

1 — MENTALITY, 60 %. 

2 — SPEED AND AGILITY, 20 %. 

3 — STRENGTH, 20 %. 

Mentality includes: 

1— A knowledge of the art. 

2— The abillity to think rapidly. 

3 — The ability to realize and overcome 
a dangerous situation quickly. 





FACTORS 


53 


Speed and agility— 

A very important factor necessary to 
the successful completion of an act done 
in defense or counter-attack. 

The co-ordination of mind and muscle. 

The ability to move around rapidly and 
without unnecessary effort. 

Strength— 

While it is by all means a necessary fac¬ 
tor it does not require super strength. If 
more than the average strength is pos¬ 
sessed by an individual, it is in no way 
classed as an excess quantity. In 99 per 
cent of the cases, the average strength is 
all that is required. 

Mentality, Strength and Speed are 
three separate quantities when spoken of 
in contests other than hand-to-hand fight¬ 
ing, that is they do not occur with the 
same synchronized movement. While it is 
true that they are factors in all athletic 
contests, nevertheless they do not enter 
with the same close connection or relation 
to each other as in the American Art of 




54 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


Self-Defense, wherein one factor depends 
upon the other at exactly the same time 
for the succsss of an act. 

An opponent may be overcome and un¬ 
injured at the will of the operator, or he 
may be so seriously disabled by pressure 
exerted at a vulnerable point that he will 
require the services of a doctor. 

The American Art of Self-Defense 
when practiced zealously is the equal of 
any exercise as a mind and body builder. 
It creates an active mind, supple muscles 
and a light, springy step. It will not 
produce knotty and bulging muscles, but 
instead will produce pliable and active 
ones that will permit of extension and 
flexion with rapidity and grace, develop¬ 
ing the body with that smoothness of per¬ 
fection that responds with ease to the will 
of the mind. It creates a supple waist 
that will permit of free and easy bending 
so necessary to the successful application 
of self-defense methods. As an exercise 
it keeps the intestines properly toned that 
they may rightly function as intended by 
nature. 


THE HAMMERLOCK 


55 


/ 


The details of the many methods of 
defense as well a^s counter-attack to suc¬ 
cessfully counteract the varied forms of 
%» 

attack that can be used to assault another 
are fully explained herein. Do not get 
the idea that the mere reading of the text 
matter without diligent practice, will make 
one proficient in the application of this 
work. He who enters into this work con¬ 
scientiously and practices regularly will 
become proficient. He will be imbued 
with confidence in his ability to take care 
of himself and those who may be in his 
company should he be confronted with a 
situation that would require skill in hand- 
to-hand fighting to overcome. 

hammerlock (Policeman’s Hold) 

A hold that can be easily secured and 
made effective when properly applied. It 
can be used to subdue and lead away an 
unruly or combative person, which is done 
by the application of pressure against the 
wrist and elbow, which causes a painful 
and wrenching sensation in the arm. The 
application of any great pressure will dis- 


56 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


locate the bones of the arm. 

This lock should be thoroughly under¬ 
stood by all police officers who should be 
able to successfully apply it when the 
occasion requires its use. This may be 
necessary when taking into custody a 
rowdy, bully, bad man or criminal resist¬ 
ing arrest or refusing to walk to the place 
designated for their arraignment or de¬ 
tention. 

The lock can also be of practical use to 
persons in other walks of life. It is easy 
to secure, and extremely effective. 

Method of Application 

(If on the right of opponent.) Grasp 
his right wrist with your right hand, at 
the same time advance on right foot to 
insure balance and accuracy of position. 
Bring the wrist upward and to the right, 
quickly thrust the heel of your left hand 
under and at a point close to the elbow 
of the upper arm (see fig. 3), the wrist is 
pulled toward you and allowed to fall 
into the crotch of your arm, the left 
hand remaining at the elbow, which is 




Fig. 5 


Fig. 3 


Fig. 4 





THE STRANGLE HOLD 


57 


drawn in close to your body (see fig. 5). 
The pressure is exerted downward at the 
elbow and upward at the wrist. The use 
of one arm and hand to retain hold is suffi¬ 
cient in most cases. The other hand can 
be used to make prisoner straighten up 
and walk, which is done by pulling at the 
hair and nose. 

The above method of securing lock is 
reversed if on the left of opponent. 

(If on right of opponent.) The ham- 
merlock can also be secured by placing the 
left wrist to the front of opponent’s right 
wrist; next bring the right hand to elbow 
and quickly draw it forward (see fig. 4). 
The left hand remains at the wrist and 
acts as reverse leverage until the elbow is 
drawn forward as above, the left hand is 
then brought upward and to the elbow. 
The forearm and elbow is brought close 
to the body and the pressure exerted as 
m fig. o. 

strangle hold (Using Both Hands to 

Neck) 

A hold applied to the throat and neck 


58 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


of another with one of two objects in view, 
either to produce unconsciousness or 
death. It is an extremely dangerous hold, 
as is implied by its name, but only so to 
the unschooled. Attacks of this nature are 
frequently made by persons in the heat of 
passion. 

Method of Attack 

Opponent attacks from the front, plac¬ 
ing both hands to the neck, the thumbs 
pressing on the windpipe to check breath¬ 
ing. 

Method of Defense 

Bring both arms quickly upward, be¬ 
tween and above opponents (see fig. 6) ; 
this to loosen grip on throat. As you 
close on him, bring hands to hair, jerking 
it backward with great force, and if he 
has no hair, use both thumbs to the nos¬ 
trils and press upward (see fig. 7). The 
pressure exerted at either of these points 
will cause intense pain and if your op¬ 
ponent has attempted to secure another 
hold on you he will quickly abandon his 
plan. 

Or— 


THE STRANGLE HOLD 


59 


Turn your head quickly to the left to 
relieve the pressure on the wind-pipe, at 
the same time bring your right hand over 
opponent’s left hand and to the thumb. 
Grasp the thumb and pull it quickly to 
the right, twisting it as you pull (see fig. 
8). Having thus released the hold, bring 
the left hand into play to assist in twist¬ 
ing opponent’s hand. To bring opponent 
into submission, place the thumb of the 
right hand on the back knuckle of the in¬ 
dex finger, the thumb of the left hand on 
the back knuckle of little finger, and 
with the thumbs so placed, pressure is ex¬ 
erted forward and down so that the wrist 
bends, and then by twisting the hand 
slightly to the right, your opponent will 
be thrown. Care should be taken to avoid 
supporting opponent’s wrist. 

Or— 

With a quick upward movement bring 
both arms between and above opponent’s, 
at the same time throw the weight of the 
upper body to the right and extend the 
right foot to the right oblique to obtain 
proper balance. Carry the right arm over 


60 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


opponent’s left arm, his left wrist being 
locked under the pit of your arm, your 
right hand grasping opponent’s arm at 
the bicep. 

To prevent opponent striking you with 
his right hand, grasp his arm at the biceps 
with your left. 

To throw, use the heel of your left hand 
with great force against opponent’s chin, 
at the same time carry your left leg to rear 
and then quickly back against the back of 
opponent’s legs, this for the purpose of 
upsetting. 

The act of bringing the heel of the left 
hand to the chin and the left leg against 
the back of opponent’s legs should be so 
timed that they both occur together. 

There are several extreme methods of 
breaking the strangle hold, as follows: 

The knee brought quickly to opponent’s 
stomach. 

The foot to groin. 

The foot brought down on arch of op¬ 
ponent’s foot. 

The foot brought against kneecap. 


ARM LOCK FROM REAR 


61 


The side of hand brought against wind¬ 
pipe. 

The use of the fingers to opponent’s 
eyes. 

ARM LOCK FROM REAR, OPPONENT’S FINGERS 
BEING LACED IN FRONT OF BODY 

This is a form of attack used when act¬ 
ing in concert with another, either for the 
purpose of robbery or assault, or to pre¬ 
vent a person going to the aid of another 
in his company who is being unlawfully 
attacked. Sometimes used to prevent the 
performance of a legal duty as to prevent 
the arrest of another. 

The effectiveness of this lock can be 
absolutely discounted when we consider 
the numerous simple and natural methods 
of defense that can be used as counteract¬ 
ing force. 

Method of Attack 

The attack is made from the rear, the 
assailant locking the arms to the side by 
lacing his fingers in front of the body, this 
to prevent freedom of action of the arms. 


62 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


Method of Defense 

Freedom of the forearm and hand is 
almost always assured. Knowing this to 
be so, bring the hands quickly upward and 
to the laced fingers of your opponent, and 
with your left hand bend downward any 
of the fingers of his right hand, quickly 
selecting the one that yields the easiest, 
the pain thus inflicted will cause the hand 
to open. 

Then transfer the finger opened to your 
right hand, continue to bend it backward 
so that the pain remains (see fig. 9). Then 
quickly lower the body to a squatting posi¬ 
tion and bring his arm over your head 
and to the front, at the same time take a 
step to the right with the right foot, to 
insure balance. 

At this juncture, a quick thrust at the 
elbow with heel of the left hand, and your 
left foot brought quickly against the front 
of his right leg will serve to throw. 

The following are some extreme 
methods of defense: 

Bring back of head quickly against the 
face of opponent. 


RIGHT SWING TO HEAD 


63 


Bring the heel of the shoe against shin¬ 
bone. 

Bring the heel of the shoe down on in¬ 
step. 

Use hand to groin. 

RIGHT HAND SWINGING PUNCH TO HEAD 

As explained in a later chapter of this 
book, is a blow used by 95 per cent, of 
all would-be assailants, particularly row¬ 
dies and bullies. It is common among this 
element to discuss and impress upon the 
uninitiated partner in crime the effect this 
blow has on the unsuspecting victim. 
Keep on your guard when confronted 
with any of this type, and ready to defend 
yourself against an attack of this nature, 
keeping in mind the defense as prepared 
in this chapter. 

Method of Attack 

Opponent swings the right hand from 
the hip, using a wide sweeping motion, the 
object being to connect with the jaw with 
great force so that the victim will be ren- 
dered unconscious from the result of the 
impact. 


64 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


Method of Defense 

Block swing on the inside with the left 
forearm held in a vertical position, at the 
same time step to the left forward with 
the left foot (see fig. 10). 

Lock his right arm under your left, 
grasping it at the biceps with the left 
hand. 

Bring the heel of the right hand to op¬ 
ponent’s chin with a heavy thrust. 

With the latter movement, the right 
foot is carried to the rear and brought 
back heavily against the legs of opponent, 
thus effecting a throw. 

Or— 

Block as above and counter with right 
hand blow to face, chin or stomach. 

When anticipating the attack referred 
to in this chapter, take a position as fol¬ 
lows: 

The weight of the body slightly more 
on the balls of the feet rather than on the 
heels, the arms and legs slightly flexed so 
that the muscles of each are ready for in¬ 
stant use, the left foot a trifle in advance 
of the right, the waist muscles ready so 




# 








t* 



STRAIGHT PUNCH TO HEAD 


65 


that the trunk can be bent with speed and 
ease. The head and chin slightly drawn 
in. Eyes fixed on opponent. 

You are thus in absolute readiness and 
in perfect balance defensively. 

straight punch to head (Right Hand) 

Another form of attack commonly used 
in hand-to-hand encounters. This blow 
can be delivered quicker than the swing 
owing to the distance it travels being 
shorter and which therefore calls for a 
speedier defense. The impact is not as 
great as that of the swing. The practice 
of footwork as skipping to the rear or 
side and the moving of the body from the 
waist as well as the head to right and left 
as is explained in the preliminary boxing 
notes will greatly aid in building up a 
defense for this form of attack. 

Method of Defense 

Step to the left with the left foot, at the 
same time carry head and trunk to the left 
—this to avoid blow. 

Bring the right hand to opponent’s 


66 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


right wrist, grasping it and pulling it to 
the right (see fig. 11). 

At the same time, turn to the right, 
bring the heel of the left hand to the elbow 
and use the left foot across the front of his 
right to trip and complete the throw. 

head and hip lock (The Left Arm to 
Head to Secure Lock) 

Method of Attack 

Opponent rushes at you from the side 
or from the front to secure a head lock; 
having secured the lock he pulls head down 
to the hip for a “hip throw.” In the 
execution of the throw, the body is cata¬ 
pulted through the air and lands on back. 
Method of Defense 

(Body and arm lock using the hip to 
throw.) 

The use of this defense to offset the 
above form of attack and similar forms of 
attack wherein an opponent comes toward 
you to attempt a throw is both practical 
and simple in execution. Its successful 
use requires very little strength, but a 
great amount of speed and absolute accu- 


HEAD AND HIP LOCK 


67 


racy of position. Keeping in mind that a 
body in motion requires but a slight touch 
to unbalance, let us consider your op¬ 
ponent rapidly approaching to attack. 
Keep cool, and stand your ground, keep 
eyes fixed upon him. At about the same 
time he attempts to take the hold, step 
quickly to the front of him by placing your 
right foot across his path, with your back 
to him. 

Slip the right arm about his waist, the 
left hand going to the biceps of his right 
arm. 

Squat and bend quickly to the left so 
as to engage the hip (see fig. 12), then 
draw opponent forward and over the hip, 
keeping the right arm and left hand firmly 
in place to assist in completing the fall. 

You have thus set up a stumbling block 
by means of which a body approaching as 
above can be easily thrown with little 
effort. 

The big factor here is to squat suffi¬ 
ciently low to unbalance, the arm and 
hand being used to increase the speed of 
the throw. 


68 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


INSIDE WAIST AND STRANGLE HOLD 

(Right Forearm to Throat) 

Opponent attacks by placing his right 
forearm across the throat and the left hand 
around the waist. The purpose of which 
is to force victim backward and to the 
ground. It is accomplished by exerting 
severe pressure at the throat and pulling 
at the waist. 

Method of Defense 

Step back quickly with the right foot 
to retain balance. 

Turn head slightly to the right to re¬ 
lieve pressure on throat. 

Bring the right hand to opponents’ 
right hand, and your left hand to elbow. 

(The three foregoing moves are simul¬ 
taneous ones.) (See fig. 13.) 

Next, turn the entire body quickly to 
the right, and pull opponent’s arm to the 
right to extend it. 

Then quickly thrust the heel of the left 
hand to his elbow with sufficient force to 
cause his body to pitch forward, retaining 
hold on his right hand, at the same time 
bring your left foot forward and then back 


REVOLVER POINTED AT STOMACH 69 


against opponent’s right leg for the pur¬ 
pose of disturbing his balance. 

This last effort will bring your op¬ 
ponent to the ground, whereupon a ham- 
merlock can be secured to hold him there. 

REVOLVER POINTED AT STOMACH (Held in 

the Right Hand and Close to Body) 

This method is used in a one-man hold¬ 
up, and sometimes to intimidate for per¬ 
sonal or mercenary reasons and again to 
obstruct the lav/, as to prevent another 
performing a legal duty imposed upon 
him by lawful authority. 

Method of Defense 

With a well timed move, place the left 
hand over the cylinder of revolver and 
hold tightly, at the same time step to the 
left with the left foot (see fig. 14), to pre¬ 
vent the possibility of a bullet entering 
your body should the revolver be dis¬ 
charged. 

Bring the right hand quickly under the 
revolver and force it backward, retaining 
grasp on revolver with the left hand. 


70 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


This sudden upward thrust with assail¬ 
ant’s finger still on the trigger will cause 
him to suffer intense pain, the pressure 
being exerted against the finger and wrist 
rendering him helpless and in a state of 
complete submission. 

This method of defense requires quick 
thinking, a cool head, speed in action and 
accuracy of position. The hand being 
placed quickly and tightly over the cyl¬ 
inder of the revolver prevents it turning 
which in turn prevents functioning of the 
trigger. 

The automatic pistol having no revolv¬ 
ing cylinder cannot be put out of service 
as above, but the same defensive method 
can be used to disarm. 

A ruse that will cause assailant to turn 
his head and by so doing momentarily 
take his attention away from you, and if 
well timed, will leave an opening for a 
counter-offense. 

Even though you may be armed do not 
attempt to draw your weapon unless you 
can first distract his attention, if not, a 
move on your part that would indicate 











Fig. 15 


Fig. 16 





KNIFE ATTACK TO HEAD 


71 


drawing a weapon would be a signal for 
him to shoot. It would be better for you 
to await an opportunity to seize his 
weapon by the above method. 

ATTEMPT AT ASSAULT FOR HEAD WITH 

KNIFE 

(Held in Right Hand) 

A form of attack common among 
people of the Latin race, also the colored 
race. The slightest provocation will 
sometimes cause these attacks. 

Very seldom is this form of attack com¬ 
mitted in connection with robberies or 
other crimes as its motive. Maniacs and 
fanatics frequently resort to the use of a 
knife when on a rampage. 

Method of Defense 

Should you find yourself in close quar¬ 
ters with a person of this type and you are 
unable to step around freely to avoid 
thrusts as when in a small room, it may 
become necessary to resort to drastic and 
extreme methods of defense to protect 
yourself or another from serious injury. 
One of the best methods of defense besides 


72 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


shooting* is to back up to a wall as your 
assailant approaches, bracing yourself by 
placing both hands to wall, then with un¬ 
erring accuracy bring the foot to assail¬ 
ant’s stomach or groin, thus ending fur¬ 
ther attempts at assault. 

Care should be taken to use this method 
only in the most extreme cases, for the 
reason that this form of counter-attack is 
very dangerous and may very often result 
in death. 

If the knife is held in the right hand 
and raised above the head to strike, an¬ 
other method of defense is to block the 
thrust with the left forearm as his hand 
and arm descends and at the same time 
counter with right hand punch to head. 

Or 

As the knife is about to descend, step 
to the left with the left foot, also carry 
the head and body to the left, bending 
from waist to be sure of avoiding attack. 

As you step to the left, bring the right 
hand to opponent’s wrist, catching it as 
it comes down for the thrust (see fig. 15 ). 

Next bring the left hand to back of his 


KNIFE ATTACK TO STOMACH 


73 


hand, and with the thumbs of both hands 
placed on the back knuckles of opponent’s 
hand, quickly twist it to the left, and away 
from you, the pressure being exerted 
principally against the back knuckles of 
the index and little finger. 

Care should be taken to avoid support¬ 
ing the wrist. 

A twist of this kind when applied to the 
wrist is extremely painful and will compel 
assailant to open his hand and release hold 
on knife. You are then the master of the 
situation. 

ATTACK FOE THE STOMACH WITH KNIFE 

(Held in the Right Hand and at the Side 
After Having Been Drawn from 
Hip Pocket) 

When your opponent brings his hand 
to the hip pocket, you should be put on 
your guard prepared to meet such an at¬ 
tack. As he comes toward you and 
lunges for the stomach with weapon, step 
to the left with left foot and bring your 
left forearm to the outside of assailant’s 
forearm, thrusting it quickly to the right, 


74 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


thus avoiding the attack (see fig. 16). 

Then bring your right (open) hand to 
assailant’s face with much force, at the 
same time bring the right leg to the rear 
of and back hard against the legs of op¬ 
ponent to unbalance and throw. After 
having fallen, drop on him, seize wrist and 
hand, and twist to release knife. 

HEAD IN CHANCERY 

This grip is taken to pull the head down 
and in front of body so that face will be in 
position to assault with fist of other hand. 
It is one of the most brutal and dangerous 
forms of attack known, and unless you 
immediately sense the danger and prepare 
a defense, the first blow struck by your 
assailant may be delivered with sufficient 
force to totally disable you and result in a 
severe beating being administered. 

Method of Attack 

Assailant uses the left arm to encircle 
and to bring head forward and down, the 
weight of the body being used to accom¬ 
plish this act. The head is held close to 
the body and under the arm, the face 


HEAD IN CHANCERY 


75 


t 


down. The clenched fist is then brought 
to the face of victim to beat into a state 
of unconsciousness. 

Method of Defeme 

As the head is brought down, bring your 
left hand and arm up and in position to 
protect face; if possible, try to grip his 
right arm at the wrist. 

Your right hand and arm being free 
can now be effectively used to stop further 
attempts at assault, by the use of a counter 
offense. This can be done by using right 
hand to hair or nostrils and jerking vio- 
lentty (see fig. 17). Either of these coun¬ 
ter attacks will inflict severe pain, so much 
so that grip on head will be loosened and 
you will be in position to use other means 
to bring about the submission of youi 
opponent. 

The hand used to groin is an extreme 
method of defense. 

ATTACK WITH BOTH ARMS AROUND THE 
NECK FROM THE REAR 

The object of this attack is to force vic¬ 
tim to the ground and to hold there some- 


76 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


times for the purpose of preventing the 
arrest of another, or to aid another to com¬ 
mit an assault. The assailant leaps upon 
the back of his intended victim, using the 
weight of his body to carry out the intent, 
which he will accomplish unless the in¬ 
tended victim is quick to realize his pre¬ 
dicament and speedy in the application of 
a defense. 

Method of Attack 

Assailant leaps at you from the rear, 
placing both arms around the neck so that 
the forearms are pressed against the 
throat. The weight of the body used to 
pull victim backward. 

Method of Defense 

As the arms encircle the neck, to avoid 
being thrown and to insure balance, carry 
the right foot to the rear and slightly to 
the right. 

Squat slightly, that is to bend both legs 
at the knees. If your balance has been 
disturbed, make every effort to regain it 
before squatting. 

After taking the position as explained 
above, bring hands to biceps of assailant’s 


LEG ATTACK 


77 


arms (see fig. 18). 

Bend quickly forward from the waist 
and bring buttox against opponent’s 
thigh; at the same time pull downward 
and forward on the arms, which will serve 
to catapult his body overhead and to the 
ground. 

BOTH ARMS AROUND LEGS TO UPSET AND 

THROW 

Used chiefly by persons who, upon find¬ 
ing themselves being worsted in a hand-to- 
hand encounter, in desperation reach for 
the legs of an opponent to upset him to 
ground. This form of attack is also used 
by persons who are about to be arrested 
and as a last resort to effect an escape. 

Method of Attach 

The arms are brought around the legs 
from the front. A quick pull bends the 
legs at the knees, whereupon they are im¬ 
mediately drawn in and held close to the 
body of the attacking person. This will 
unbalance the victim and cause him to fall 
backward, with assailant falling upon him. 
The shock is severe and may produce un- 


78 THE AMERICAN ART OF SELF DEFENSE 


consciousness, owing to the manner in 
which the body strikes the ground. 

Method of Defense 

As your assailant’s arms approach the 
legs, hop slightly to the rear and spread 
feet about thirty inches. This is to get 
out of range of arms and to insure your 
balance; at the same time the body is bent 
forward from the waist, the hands and 
arms being held in front of the body and 
in position to counter attack. By taking 
this position you have not only avoided 
the attack, but have placed your body over 
his and in a position to counter by securing 
a head-lock. 

This is done by thrusting assailant’s 
head downward with the right hand. The 
back knuckles of the left hand are then 
brought to the right of assailant’s head, 
resting at the jaw or mouth, the hand be¬ 
ing closed so that the knuckles protrude. 
The right hand is carried to the closed left 
to support and assist in twisting head and 
to bring head in close to the body. The 
head is then twisted to the right and up¬ 
ward (see fig. 19). 









Fig. 20 







LEG ATTACK 


79 


This form of counter attack is a very 
effective and, at the same time, a danger¬ 
ous one. The application of sufficient 
pressure is likely to break the neck of an 
opponent. 


BULLIES, Treatment of 


Experience teaches us that 90 per cent 
of rowdies, bullies and bad men, providing 
they are not armed with a weapon, will 
invariably, when attempting an assault 
upon another, use a right hand swinging 
punch for the head. In order to deliver 
this blow with force, it is necessary to 
draw the right hand, arm and shoulder 
backward to get additional power. 

This form of attack is usually referred 
to as being telegraphed. The person for 
whom the blow is intended, if he is alert, 
cool, and schooled in the defensive, will 
either get hack out of harm s way by hop¬ 
ping 12 or 14 inches to the rear, thus allow¬ 
ing the blow to pass harmlessly by him, 
and prepare himself for any further attack 
by his would-be assailant; or step quickly 
forward and beat opponent to the punch 

by using a straight right or left hand 

80 


TREATMENT OF BULLIES 


81 


punch quickly driven with the shoulder be¬ 
hind it, or he might stand his ground and 
use the left forearm to block swing and 
hook the right hand to head as a counter 
attack. 

These blows, when used in countering 
from an attack and if delivered with suf¬ 
ficient force, will completely surprise and 
shake up your assailant and serve to take 
much of the combativeness out of him. 
Further, it may stop him in his tracks and 
cause him to quit. 

From this you can readily see the neces¬ 
sity of preparing yourself defensively 
against attacks of the rowdy sort. Hav¬ 
ing developed a defense, you will be in¬ 
stilled with confidence in your ability to 
meet emergencies of the hand-to-hand 
fighting character. It will also have a ten¬ 
dency to create a free and easy mind, 
knowing that should the occasion require 
it, you could protect and uphold your 
honor, or the honor of those in your com¬ 
pany. 

Almost every section of a city has its 
bully, who seeks to terrorize the people of 


82 


TREATMENT OF BULLIES 


the community, especially in the poor 
quarters of the city, where lack of parental 
supervision is responsible for such types 
coming into the world. 

Invariably, the first good licking that 
the bully receives will take all the starch 
out of him and he will become as docile as 
other peace loving citizens. 

He probably has had things much his 
own way. He never had the ill luck to 
show himself in a fistic encounter with a 
fairly good man, everyone taking for 
granted that on account of his bully atti¬ 
tude and chesty demeanor, he must surely 
be able to give a good account of himself. 
For this reason, not many will try his 
game. But it only takes a little courage 
and sand, along with a fair knowledge of 
hand-to-hand fighting, to subdue 99 per 
cent of all the bullies in the country. 

Many are under the impression that 
boxers and wrestlers, on account of their 
profession, are persons who are naturally 
of a pugnacious character, and that they 
are continually carrying a chip on their 
shoulder. This is not true. To the con- 


TREATMENT OF BULLIES 


83 


trary, they are in the majority of cases 
the most mild mannered and peaceful men 
about us. This, of course, does not hold 
good when actually engaged in their pro¬ 
fession, because their earning capacity is 
dependent upon the result of the contests 
in which they engage. They are the last 
of all citizens to become embroiled in an 
altercation, if they can possibly avoid it 
and still uphold their honor. 

The reason for calling this fact to your 
attention is to show that a boxer or 
wrestler will very seldom, if ever, take the 
initiative in a street row. He will never 
pass an insulting or humiliating remark to 
you or a person in your company, as some¬ 
times comes from the mouth of a corner 
loafer. Should you ever be called upon to 
defend yourself or another from an insult¬ 
ing remark, and you are sure of the indi¬ 
vidual who made the remark, walk up to 
him quickly and unhesitatingly, and either 
make him retract or force him to it. In¬ 
variably he will cower and seek to run out. 
Always bear in mind that you are not deal¬ 
ing with a skilled or scientific man, and 
your problem becomes easier to handle. 


BOXING 


One of the secrets of success in athletic 
competition is physical and mental co¬ 
ordination. This is particularly true of 
boxing. The best boxers are those whose 
minds and muscles operate in close rela¬ 
tion to each other, execution of thought 
following immediately upon conception. 

Fast thinking is as essential as fast 
punching; the blow should be synchronized 
with thought. 

Factors that contribute to success in 
boxing are: 

Strength of Muscle 

A rugged frame that is capable of with¬ 
standing shock will enable one to recu¬ 
perate quickly from the effects of a punch 
without showing any visible signs of 
weakening. 


84 


FACTORS 


85 


Endurance 

The ability to carry on; staying power; 
large supply of energy and vitality. To 
sustain energy, the breathing apparatus 
and passages must be clear and in perfect 
order. 

Courage 

(Often referred to as grit, guts, and 
sand.) It is the faculty necessary in 
boxers to enable them to persevere and to 
keep trying when the tide is against them. 
That indomitable spirit that keeps one go¬ 
ing in the face of odds. 

Outwitting and Outguessing an 

Opponent 

The ability to feint your opponent into 
leaving openings, to draw a lead from your 
opponent with a view of countering. The 
act of taking your opponent by surprise 
very often turns the tide of battle in your 
favor. 

, Speed 

The ability to hit quickly as well as to 
instinctively block punches directed at you. 
To step out of range of an attack by means 


86 


BOXING 


of fast foot-work, as is often necessary 
when crowded by an opponent. 

Punching Power 

The ability to hit hard and effectively 
with either hand. There are some who are 
naturally hard hitters; others have to de¬ 
velop this fighting essential by system of 
training. Without it the hopes for a de¬ 
cisive victory are small. 

Coolness and Generalship 

To keep coal and be yourself in the heat 
of conflict is a big factor to success. In 
generalship we have an essential that per¬ 
mits of one taking advantage of openings, 
also to be able to stall when tired, without 
showing any visible signs of your condi¬ 
tion. 

VULNERABLE POINTS OF ATTACK 

There are certain places of the anatomy 
which, when struck fair and with sufficient 
force, will bring an opponent down and 
possibly terminate contest. Should he par¬ 
tially recover from the effects of the blow 
and be able to stand up, he will in all 


TRAINING 


87 


probability be in such a weakened condi¬ 
tion that another well directed blow at the 
same point, or another vulnerable part of 
the body, will end the affair. 

The first of these places is either side of 
the jaw at the jugular vein. 

The second is the solar plexus, situated 
immediately under and behind the breast 
bone. 

The third is the pit of the stomach, pro¬ 
vided the blow is struck when opponent is 
relaxing. 

The fourth is just below the heart. 

TRAINING 

Shadow Boxing 

Shadow boxing, to develop speed of 
hands and feet, is considered excellent 
training, which should engage at least fif¬ 
teen minutes of your training period per 
day. 

While so engaged, practice skipping 
around on the balls of the feet, using 
straight leads, both right and left, with 
plenty of shoulder backing. 


88 


BOXING 


Practice the use of short arm hooks so 
as to engage the back muscles for added 
power. 

Use swings, starting the blow from the 
waist at hips, and for added punching 
power engage shoulder and back muscles 
to back up the punch. 

Practice crouching and weaving the 
body from the waist; at the same time use 
a varied assortment of blows. 

Use uppercuts and in ( so doing bring 
the weight of the body up, on the balls of 
the feet to increase power. 

Rope Skipping 

Is an excellent way to develop the wind 
and staying powers. It is also considered 
a good exercise for strengthening the mus¬ 
cles of the legs, and should occupy at least 
fifteen minutes of your training period per 
day. 

Bag Punching 

Will develop speed and accuracy in 
punching, and will also quicken the eyes, 
an essential that will sense danger instinc¬ 
tively and enable you to prepare defense. 


POSITION OF GUARD 


89 


Handball is also an excellent game to 
develop speed of muscle and eye. It is a 
pastime that will break up the monotonous 
grind of training, reduce weight and con¬ 
dition the body. 

If it is your wish to some day excel at 
boxing, you should seek out a sparring 
partner who is possessed of more speed 
and a greater knowledge of the game than 
yourself. You will then, by paying strict 
attention to his work, learn a great deal of 
what he knows, with a possibility of de¬ 
veloping yourself beyond his point of per¬ 
fection. 

Position of Guard 

The left forearm is raised to a horizontal 
position, palm up, elbow close to the side. 

The right hand is brought to a position 
in front of and about six inches below the 
chin. 

Both hands and arms are held in the 
above positions without constraint. 

Left foot flat on the floor and pointed 
toward opponent, the right foot about six 
inches to the right and about twelve or 
eighteen inches to the rear of the left foot. 


90 


BOXING 


i 


The knees are slightly bent, the weight of 
the body slightly more on the left foot than 
on the right (see fig. 20). 

Foot Exercise 

Push off with the ball of the left foot 
and glide backward about six to eight 
inches, striking on the balls of the feet. 
The weight of the body is thus off the 
ground for a fraction of a second. To 
return to the spot from which you have 
retreated, push off with the ball of the 
right foot and glide forward. 

To glide to the left, push off with the 
ball of the right foot. To glide to the 
right, push off with the ball of the left 
foot. Keep muscles of the legs slightly 
relaxed. If tensed and tightened too 
much, energy will be unnecessarily burned 
up and fatigue result. 

After gliding to the rear and out of 
harm’s way, take a few steps backward, 
or to the left or right. This is another 
way of relaxing muscles. 

If tired while boxing, and a rest is de¬ 
sired, feint your opponent, then glide to 


WAIST EXERCISE 


91 


the rear and take a few steps backward, 
drop the arms to the side, relaxing thor¬ 
oughly, even if only for several seconds, 
it will somewhat relieve fatigue. 

Waist Exercise 

With the legs relaxed and the feet firmly 
planted on the ground, quickly turn the 
body to the right from the waist by throw¬ 
ing the left shoulder quickly to the front, 
the arms relaxed and swinging loosely at 
the sides; pause for a fractional part of a 
second, then turn the body completely to 
the left with the same snappy effort. The 
position of the feet is not altered. Repeat 
the exercise twenty times in two counts. 

This exercise will tend to improve the 
elasticity of the waist. 

With the hands on the hips, swing the 
body in a circle, bending first to the front, 
side, back and side in quick, snappy move¬ 
ments. Repeat the exercise ten times in 
four counts. 

Offensive Blows 

1. Feint with left to jaw, this to bring 


99 


BOXING 


opponent’s guard up to cover head; as he 
does this, bring the same hand quickly to 
region of solar plexus, a point directly 
under the breast bone. 

2. Feint with the left hand to stomach, 
this to bring opponent’s guard down; as 
he does, bring the same hand quickly to 
head. 

3. Feint with the left hand for head; 
as opponent’s guard goes up, bring the 
right hand to short ribs just below the 
heart. 

4. Feint with the right hand for jaw; 
as opponent’s guard goes up, hook the left 
hand quickly to the pit of the stomach. 
This can be followed up by quickly hook¬ 
ing the same hand to jaw. 

5. If opponent leaves himself open, 
shoot a light left to the face. If it con¬ 
nects, it will bring the head back with the 
jaw exposed for a right. This blow should 
follow immediately after the left, and to 
the left side of opponent’s face over the 
jugular vein. The left is used with just 
enough force to tilt the head back, the 
right following with crashing effect. 


DEFENSE 


93 


To Avoid Swings 

1. If your opponent swings right hand 
to head, raise your left forearm to block 
it on the inside. Should he swing the left 
hand, raise the right forearm to block it 
on the inside. 

2. Glide backward to allow the swing 
to pass harmlessly by. This will throw 
opponent out of position; you will then 
glide quickly forward and counter with 
either hand wherever opening is found. 

3. Beat your opponent to the punch by 
stepping quickly to the inside of blow and 
hitting straight from the shoulder. This 
counter is practical if you find that your 
opponent is in the habit of telegraphing 
his blows. 

To Avoid Straight Punches for the 

Head 

1. If opponent leads a straight left for 
the head, carry your head to the right, 
bending from the waist, the blow passing 
harmlesslv over the left shoulder. 


94 


BOXING 


If a right hand lead, carry head to the 
left, bending from the waist, allowing the 
blow to pass over the right shoulder. 

2. Again if opponent leads straight 
left for the head, place your right hand 
quickly to opponent’s forearm from the 
outside, and thrust it away from you. 

If a right hand lead, place your left 
hand quickly to opponent’s forearm and 
thrust it to the right and away from you. 

Class Work 

1— Opponent leads straight left for face . 
Bend body from the waist to the right, 

carrying the head with it, just far enough 
to avoid the punch; at the same time hook 
the left to opponent’s jaw (see fig. 21). 
If the left lands with effect, follow with a 
straight right to the jaw. 

2— Opponent leads a straight left to face 

as before . 

Bend the body and head as before to 
avoid the punch; at the same time place 
the right hand to opponent’s elbow from 
the outside and thrust it to the left (see 









CLASS WORK 


95 


fig. 22) ; then counter by hooking the left 
hand to the short ribs. This can be fol¬ 
lowed by hooking the left to the jaw. 

3— Opponent swings a right for the jaw . 

To avoid this lead, bring the left fore¬ 
arm up to the vertical position to act as 
guard, the forearm being brought to this 
position so that it can be effectively used 
to block punch; after blocking counter 
quickly by hooking the right hand to jaw 
(see fig. 23). 

If opponent swings a left for the head, 
the opposite block and counter is used. 

4— Opponent leads a straight right for 

the short ribs. 

Bring the left forearm quickly down 
over and to the inside of opponent’s lead; 
this to thrust lead down and away from 
you; follow this block by countering with 
right to jaw (see fig. 24). 

Reverse blocks and counters are used 
for leads with other hand. 



CALISTHENICS 


Calisthenics (setting-up exercises) is 
the foundation or basic work for all sys¬ 
tems of physical training. Its use will 
materially aid the human structure to de¬ 
velop a good posture, which will in turn 
result in an improvement in the function¬ 
ing power of all the vital organs of the 
body. 

There are many benefits to be derived 
from a systematic series of setting-up exer¬ 
cises, as, first, the building and strengthen¬ 
ing of muscle; second, the creating of sup¬ 
ple muscles; third, the building up of self- 
control and confidence and to teach co¬ 
ordination of mind and muscle. It will 
also greatly aid in toning up the body in 
general. 

Many of our prominent athletes in the 
realm of popular sports favor a strenuous 
form of setting-up exercises as a heavy 


96 


CALISTHENICS 


97 


part of their training schedule, claiming 
that much of their success is due to the 
excellent condition this form of work helps 
them to attain. 

A ten to fifteen-minute period of set¬ 
ting-up exercises taken immediately after 
arising in the morning will have the effect 
of increasing the circulation of blood, thor¬ 
oughly awaken the body, and create a men¬ 
tally alert mind. It will bring about a 
regular bowel movement and create an 
appetite for breakfast. Deep breathing 
should always be made a part of the exer¬ 
cise, in order that the lungs may be opened 
up to their fullest capacity and that a 
maximum amount of oxygen can be taken 
up by the blood. Thus the blood is purified. 

The exercises explained in this chapter 
can be used for individual or class instruc¬ 
tion. 

Alternate in the use of the arm, trunk 
and leg exercises. Avoid fatiguing of one 
part of the body, as a lack of enthusiasm 
and slighting of the movements will result. 
Fifteen minutes of peppy work per day 
will suffice. 


98 


CALISTHENICS 


Abdominal Exercises 

First Exercise .—Place hands on the 
hips, thumbs to the rear, shoulders drawn 
back. 

1. Bend the trunk forward from the 
waist; extend arms downward, fingers 
touching floor (see fig. 25). 

2. Bend the trunk back to body-erect 
position. (Exercise in two counts, repeat 
six times) recovering with hands to hips. 

With the hands on hips as above: 

1. Bend trunk to the rear; at the same 
time extend the arms to the side at shoul¬ 
der, high. 

2. Carry trunk to body-erect position 
and return hands to hips. (Exercise in 
two counts, repeat six times.) 

(Combine both of the above exercises to 
four counts.) 

Second Exercise .—With hands on hips. 

1. Bend trunk to the side (see fig. 

26 ). 

2. Return to the body-erect position. 
Alternate right and left. (Exercise in 
four counts, repeat six times.) 


ABDOMINAL EXERCISES 


99 


Third Exercise. —Spread feet about 24 
inches and extend the arms to the side at 
shoulder height. 

1. Bend the trunk forward and touch 
the left foot with the right hand, turning 
the body so that the left hand and arm is 
extended in a vertical position above the 
head (see fig, 27). 

2. Recover to starting position. 

3. Touch right foot with the left hand, 
the right hand and arm extended above 
the head. 

4. Recover to starting position. 

(Alternate in four counts, repeat six 
times.) 

Fourth Exercise. —While lying on 
back, place the hands above the stomach. 

1. Raise legs to vertical position, the 
legs straight, the toes depressed (see fig. 

28). 

2. Lower the legs slowly to the floor. 

3. Raise the trunk slowly from the 
floor, and to a sitting position. 

4. Lower trunk slowly to floor. Al- 




100 


CALISTHENICS 


ternate in four counts and repeat six 
times. 

Arm Exercises 

First Exercise .-—Raise the arms to the 
forward position, as high and as wide 
apart as the shoulders, the palms of the 
hands down. 

1. Swing the arms downward and to 
the rear as far as possible (see fig. 29). 

2. Return to starting position. (Two 
counts and repeat six times.) 

From the position of arms forward. 

1. Carry the arms horizontally to the 
side. ' 

2. Return to starting position. (Two 
counts and repeat six times.) 

(Combine both of the above exercises 
in four counts. Commence with the first 
and run into the second.) 

Second Exercise .—Carry the arms to 
position of thrust (see fig. 80). 

1. Thrust the arms forward, as high 
and as wide apart as the shoulders. 

2. Return arais to starting position. 
(Two counts and repeat six times.) 




Fig. 31 





LEG EXERCISES 


101 


From the position of arms to thrust. 

1. Extend the arms horizontally to the 
side and as high as the shoulders. 

2. Return arms to starting position. 
(Two counts and repeat six times.) 

(Combine both of these exercises. Com¬ 
mence with the first and carry on to the 
second in four counts, repeat six times.) 

Third Exercise .—Place hands on the 
shoulders, the elbows well up and not 
lower than the shoulders (see fig. 31). 

1. Bring the elbows together in front 
of the body. 

2. Return to starting position. (Two 
counts and repeat twelve times.) 

Leg Exercises 

First Exercise .—Place hands on the 
hips. 

1. —Bend legs to quarter bend, the heels 
remaining on the floor (see fig. 32). 

2. Rise to full length. (Two counts 
and repeat six times.) 

1. Bend legs to a half bend, the weight 
of the body on the balls of the feet. 




102 


CALISTHENICS 


2. Rise to full length, lowering heels 
to floor. (Two counts and repeat six 
times.) 

1. Bend the legs to a full bend, weight 
of the body on the balls of the feet. 

2. Rise to full length, lowering heels 
to floor. (Two counts, and repeat six 
times.) 

Second Exercise .—Assume the squat- 
the position by getting down on all fours. 

1. Extend the right leg to the rear, 
the leg extended full length (see fig. 33). 

2. Return right leg to starting posi¬ 
tion. 

3. Extend left leg to the rear. 

4. Return left leg to starting position. 
(Four counts and repeat six times.) 

From the squatting position. 

1. Extend both legs to the rear. 
(Avoid scraping feet across floor.) 

2. Return both legs to starting posi¬ 
tion. (Two counts and repeat six times.) 

From the position of attention. 

1. Lower body to squatting position. 

2. Extend both legs to the rear, at the 


BREATHING EXERCISES 


103 


same time bend arms to lower the body, 
care being taken to avoid resting body on 
the floor (see fig. 34). 

3. Hop back to the squatting position. 

4. Rise to attention. (Four counts 
and repeat six times.) 

Breathing Exercises 

First Exercise . —1 . Inhaling: Raise the 
arms forward and upward above the head. 

2. Exhaling: Lower the arms later¬ 
ally downward and to the side. 

3. Inhaling: Raise the arms sideward 
and over the head and lock the thumbs. 

4. Exhaling: Bend trunk forward 
from the waist and lower the arms so that 
the hands touch the floor. 

5. Inhaling: Raise trunk and arms to 
third position. 

6. Exhaling: Lower the arms later¬ 
ally downward and to the side. 

(Repeat three times, inhaling and ex¬ 
haling exclusively through the nose.) 

Second Exercise .—5. Inhaling: Raise 
the arms forward and upward above the 


104 


CALISTHENICS 


head, rise well up on the balls of the feet 
and reach upward with hands to stretch 
the walls of the chest and to fill lungs to 
capacity. 

2. Exhaling: Bring the arms forcibly 
downward and to the side and deflate the 
lungs quickly. 

(Repeat three times, inhaling through 
the nose and exhaling through mouth.) 

An excellent exercise to clear out mu¬ 
cous or germ deposits which may have 
lodged in the air passages. 


MARCHING CALISTHENICS 
AND LEG EXERCISES 


Marching calisthenics and leg exercises 
is a form of training used principally in 
class-work. It is admirably adopted for 
training of policemen. It teaches co-or¬ 
dination of mind and muscle and develops 
a body rhythm. It creates endurance, 
agility and speed and will build and 
strengthen muscle tissue. The various 
parts of the body will thus become ad¬ 
justed to each other and the body prop¬ 
erly aligned, resulting in a correct posture. 

These exercises are conducted in the 
quick and double time march, commencing 
with the quick time in the first, second 
and third series, and ending with the 
double time in the fourth series. 

The cadence for the quick and double 
time marching is fully explained in the 
chapter on “School of the Soldier.” 


105 


106 


MARCHING CALISTHENICS 


The exercises can be made intensive or 
light at the discretion of the instructor. 
Severe muscular strain and stiffness will 
result from early intensive training, 
whereas a gradual building up process will 
entirely eliminate this possibility and pro¬ 
duce quicker and better results. 

The pupils should be formed in a 
column of twos and caused to march in 
a circle. If more than one hundred men 
are in training, they should be divided into ‘ 
two or three classes. 

Fifteen minutes of the daily physical 
training schedule should be devoted to 
each class for marching exercises. 

The instructor should keep time for 
each exercise by counting, as for instance, 
1-2 or 1-2-3-4, according to the number 
of moves necessarv for the exercise, such 
exercise count should be in time with the 
marching cadence. 

The pupils should be advised to breathe 
exclusively through the nose while in class 
session. 


LEG EXERCISES 


107 


Class Work 
The Quick Time March 

Leg Exercises 

Counts 1, 3, 5 and 7 are preparatory, 
2, 4, 6 and 8 are commands of execution. 

First Series. Command. 1—Hands 
on hips. 2—PLACE. 1—On toes. 
2—MARCH. 1—Knees extended. 2— 
MARCH. 

At the latter command, the class will 

march with legs straight, the weight of 

the body well up on the balls of the feet. 

1—Knee high. 2—MARCH. 

Marching with a straight leg the feet 

are alternately raised to the front and to 

«/ 

the height of the knee (see fig. 35). 

1—Waist high. 2—MARCH. 

With straight leg, the feet are brought 
forward and to the waist high. 

3—Quick time. 4—MARCH. 

This latter command arrests either of 
the foregoing exercises. If the above ex¬ 
ercises are used in series, the command is 
given at the conclusion of the last exer¬ 
cise. 




108 


MARCHING CALISTHENICS 


Second Series. Command. 1—Cross 
step. 2—MARCH. 

Marching on the balls of the feet and 
with legs extended, cross the legs alter¬ 
nately in front of the body, commencing 
with the left leg, the hips and body 
straight to the front (see fig. 36). 

3—Quick time. 4—MARCH. 

Command. 1—On heels. 

2—MARCH. 

Raise the balls of the feet and march 
on the heels, the body erect and head up. 

3—Quick time. 4—MARCH. 

1—Knees up. 2—MARCH. 

Alternately raise the knees to a waist 
high, the upper leg horizontal, the lower 
leg vertical, the toes depressed. Com¬ 
mence the exercise with the left leg, and 
when replacing strike on the ball of the 
foot to relieve shock. 

3—Quick time. 4—MARCH. 

Arm Exercises 

Third Series. Command. 1—Arms 
to thrust. 2—PLACE. 





ARM EXERCISES 


109 


Bring the arms to the position of thrust, 
fingers closed, backs of the hands down, 
the forearms horizontal and close to the 
waist line, the elbows drawn well back. 

3—Ready. 4—EXERCISE. 

The command to exercise is given as the 
left foot strikes the ground, an additional 
step is then taken with the right. As the 
left foot again strikes the ground the arms 
are thrust forward and at full length, the 
forearms are turned so that the backs of 
the hands are up. As the right foot again 
strikes the ground, return the hands and 
arms to the starting position and repeat 
the exercise. 

5—Quick time. 6—MARCH. 

This command arrests the exercise. 

7—Arms. 8—DOWN. 

Command. ]—Vertical arm exercise, 
ready. 2—EXERCISE. 

The command of execution is given as 
the left foot strikes the ground, an addi¬ 
tional step is taken with the right and as 
the left foot again strikes the ground, raise 
the forearms to the vertical position, the 
elbows close to the body (see fig. 37). At 



110 


MARCHING CALISTHENICS 


the next step of the right foot, raise the 
arms full length over the head, at the next 
step of the left, cany the arms to the first 
position as the right foot again strikes re¬ 
turn the arms to the side. Continue the 
exercise in four counts. 

3—Quick time. 4—MARCH. 

Command. 1—Hands on shoulders. 
2—PLACE. 3—Ready. 4—EXER¬ 
CISE. 

The command of execution is given as 
the left foot strikes the ground, then take 
an additional step with the right, and as 
the left foot again strikes bring the elbows 
forward and together returning them to 
the first position as the right foot strikes. 
Continue the exercise in two counts. 

5—Quick time. 6—MARCH. 7— 

Arms. 8—DOWN. 

Leg Exercises in the Double Time 

First Series. Command. 1—Hands 
on hips. 2—PLACE. 3—Knee high. 
4—MARCH. 

At the command MARCH given as the 
left foot strikes the ground the feet are 




LEG EXERCISES, DOUBLE TIME 


111 


alternately raised in front of the body to 
a knee high, the legs are extended and 
the knees locked. 

5—Double time. 6—MARCH. 

The latter command arrests the exercise 
and the regular double time is resumed, 
the arms are carried to the position of 
thrust as in running. 

Command. 1—Turn to the right. 

2—MARCH. 

At the command MARCH turn to the 
right and run sideward, the right foot 
crossing in front of the left, the hands are 
brought to the hips without further com¬ 
mand. 

3—Double time. 4—MARCH. 

The latter command arrests the exer¬ 
cise and the double time is resumed to the 
front. The hands are removed from the 
hips without command. 

3—Command. 1-—Turn to the left. 2 

—MARCH. 

At the command MARCH turn to the 
left and run sideward, the left foot cross¬ 
ing in front of the right, the hands are 
placed on the hips as before. 





112 


MARCHING CALISTHENICS 


3—Double time. 4—MARCH. 

The latter command arrests the exer¬ 
cise as before. 







RAISING AND CARRYING AN 
UNCONSCIOUS PERSON 


A safe and easy method of raising and 
carrying an unconscious person should be 
thoroughly understood by all, especially 
by a police officer. By using the method 
explained in this chapter, no difficulty will 
be experienced in raising and carrying a 
person who outweighs the operator up to 
fifty pounds. 

Of the many duties of a policeman, one 
is to protect life. This phase of his work 
compels him to go into burning buildings 
to rescue persons who have been overcome 
by smoke and in danger of death. He 
may come upon an unconscious person 
lying in the street who has been the victim 
of an assault, or a person who is uncon¬ 
scious from the effects of a stroke, alcohol 
poisoning or an accidental injury for whom 
it will be necessary to give first aid. If 


113 


114 RAISING UNCONSCIOUS PERSONS 


there is a drug store or other first aid sta¬ 
tion near at hand such unconscious person 
should be taken there with all possible 
haste, and first aid administered pending 
the arrival of an ambulance surgeon. 

Additional injury and unnecessary jar¬ 
ring may result from an inefficient method 
of raising and carrying a person suffering 
as above. If such person is suffering from 
a fracture or broken bones care should be 
taken when in the act of lifting to avoid 
engaging a broken member of the body 
during such operations. 

METHOD OF OPERATION 

With the body face down, raise it to a 
sitting position, draw the right arm of the 
unconscious person tightly around your 
neck, the left hand being used to his right 
wrist. Your right hand is then placed to 
the small of the back to grip the clothing 
or belt, and to assist in raising, then by 
bringing into play the muscles of the arms, 
legs and small of the back, raise yourself 
and patient to full height. 


RAISING UNCONSCIOUS PERSONS 


115 


With the patient’s feet resting on the 
ground, squat quickty to get under him 
and then allow the body to fall across your 
shoulders, the left hand remaining at the 
patient’s right wrist so that the arm can 
be drawn in high and tight across the 
shoulders, the right arm being used to en¬ 
circle the patient’s legs and to keep them 
close to your body. 

Next, lift your load and come to a full 
standing position (see fig. 38). The arm, 
leg and back muscles are again brought 
into play to successfully accomplish this 
act. 

If you carefully follow out these in¬ 
structions, you will find upon rising 
that the weight of the patient’s body is 
evenly distributed across the shoulders and 
that no difficulty should be experienced in 
carrying your load for many blocks. 

If you are convenient to a wall or any 
other upright fixture, use it to aid you in 
raising the body. 

Should it become necessary to carry a 
patient from a burning building and down 
a stairway or fire-escape ladder, one hand 


116 TO LOWER THE UNCONSCIOUS PERSON 


and arm will be sufficient to hold the arms 
and legs in place, the other hand and arm 
can be employed to assist you to make 
your way to a place of safety. 

TO LOWER THE UNCONSCIOUS 

PERSON 

Step forward with the right foot for 
the purpose of maintaining balance, lower 
your body to kneeling position, left knee 
on the ground, at the same time swing pa¬ 
tient’s legs to the left by pulling them into 
place with your left hand and arm the 
right hand and arm going to patient’s 
back, thus forming a cradle of your arms. 
(See Fig. 39.) You will then lower the 
body gently to the floor, due care being 
taken to prevent head striking ground 
with unnecessary shock. The patient lies 
face up, a position which is most easy and 
restful to a person suffering from injuries. 


DRILL REGULATIONS 


Discipline 

All police organizations are conduct¬ 
ed along lines of a semi-military order, 
and the members thereof should have a 
knowledge of regulations governing drills 
in order that units can be formed and 
marched to and from a designated point 
with precision and despatch. 

This adds to the discipline of an organi¬ 
zation, a factor that is essential to the suc¬ 
cess of the department. 

The necessity for discipline and un¬ 
broken ranks at riots, uprisings and other 
disturbances is of great importance, act¬ 
ing as an aid to the successful handling 
of each such situation. 

The information contained in this 
chapter is of the close order nature, and 
is given to you as an aid, and for your 
guidance while in ranks. 


117 


118 


DRILL REGULATIONS 


School of the Soldier 

1. Position of a Soldier: 

Heels on the same line and as near each 
other as the conformation of the man per¬ 
mits. 

Feet turned out equally and forming an 
angle of about 45 degrees. 

Knees straight without stiffness. 

Hips level and drawn back slightly; 
body erect and resting equally on the hips; 
chest lifted and arched; shoulders square 
and falling equally. 

Arms and hands hanging naturally, 
thumb along the seam of the trousers. 

Head erect and squarely to the front, 
chin drawn in so that the axis of the head 
and neck is vertical, eyes straight to the 
front. 

Weight of the body resting equally 
upon the heels and balls of the feet. 

2. The Rests: 

Being at a halt, the commands are: 
FALL OUT; REST; AT EASE, and, 
1, PARADE; 2, REST. 


DRILL REGULATIONS 


119 


At the command, “Fall Out,” the men 
leave the ranks, but are required to remain 
in the immediate vicinity. At the com¬ 
mand, “Fall In,” they resume their former 
places at attention. 

At the command “Rest,” each man 
keeps one foot in place, but is not required 
to preserve silence or immobility. 

At the command “At Ease,” each man 
keeps one foot in place and is required to 
preserve silence but not immobility. 

1, Parade; 2, REST.—Carry the 
right foot six (6) inches straight to the 
rear, left knee slightly bent; clamp the 
hands without constraint, in front of the 
center of the body, fingers joined, left 
hand uppermost, left thumb clasped by 
the thumb and forefinger of the right 
hand; preserve silence and steadiness of 
position. 

To resume the attention: 1—Squad. 
2—ATTENTION. (The men take the 
position of the soldier.) 

3. Eyes Right or Left: 

1—Eyes, 2—RIGHT (LEFT), 3— 
FRONT. 



120 


DRILL REGULATIONS 


At the command “Right,” turn the 
head to the right oblique, eyes fixed on the 
line of eyes of the men in, or supposed to 
be in, the same rank. 

At the command “Front,” turn the 
head and eyes to front. 

4. Facings: 

To the flank; 1—Right (Left), 2— 
FACE. 

Raise slightly the left heel and right 
toe; face to the right, turning on the right 
heel, assisted by a slight pressure on the 
ball of the left foot; place the left foot by 
the side of the right. 

Left face is executed on the left heel 
in the corresponding manner. 

To the Rear: 1—About, 2—FACE. 

Carry the toe of the right foot about a 
half-foot length to the rear and slightly 
to the left of the left heel without chang¬ 
ing the position of the left foot; face to 
the rear, turning to the right on the left 
heel and right toe; place the right heel by 
the side of the left. 

5. Salute with the Hand: 

1—Hand, 2—SALUTE. 



DRILL REGULATIONS 


121 


Raise the right hand smartly till the tip 
of the forefinger touches the lower part of 
the headdress above the right eyes, thumb 
and fingers extended and joined, palm to 
the left, forearms inclined at about 45 de¬ 
grees, hand and wrist straight; at the 
same time look toward the person saluted. 

(TWO) Drop the arm smartly by the 
side. 

6. Steps and Marchings: 

All steps and marchings executed from 
a halt (except right step), begin with left 
foot. 

The length of the full step in quick time 
is 30 inches measured from heel to heel, 
and the cadence is at the rate of 120 steps 
to the minute. 

The length of the full step in double 
time is 36 inches, the cadence is at the rate 
of 180 steps per minute. 

All steps and marchings and movements 
involving march are executed in quick 
time unless the squad be marching in 
double time, or double time be added to 
the command; in the latter case double 


m 


DRILL REGULATIONS 


time is added to the preparatory command* 
Example. Squad right, double time, 2— 
MARCH. 

7. Quick Time: 

Being at a halt to march forward in 
quick time: 1—Forward, 2—MARCJT. 

At the command “Forward,” shift the 
weight of the body to the right leg, left 
knee straight. 

At the command “MARCH,” move the 
left foot smartly straight forward 30 
inches from the right, sole near the ground 
and plant it without shock; next in a like 
manner, advance the right foot and plant 
it as above; continue the march. The arms 
swing naturally. 

Being at a halt or in march in quick 
time, to march in double time, 1—Double 
time, 2—MARCH. 

If at a halt, at the first command shift 
the weight of the body to the right leg. 
At the command “March,” raise the fore¬ 
arms, fingers closed, to a horizontal posi¬ 
tion along the waist line; take up an easy 
run with the step and cadence of double 
time, allowing a natural swinging motion 


DRILL REGULATIONS 


123 


to the arms. 

If marching in quick time, at the com¬ 
mand “March,’’ given as either foot 
strikes the ground, take one step in quick 
time and then step off in double time. 

To resume the quick time: 1—Quick 
time, 2—MARCH. 

At the command “March/’ given as 
either foot strikes the ground, advance 
and plant the other foot in double time, 
resume the quick time, dropping the hands 
by the sides. 

8. To Mark Time : 

Being in March, 1—Mark time, 2— 
MARCH. 

At the command “March,” given as 
either foot strikes the ground advance and 
plant the other foot, bringing up the foot 
in the rear and continue the cadence by 
alternately raising each foot about two 
inches and planting it on line with the 
other, the sole of the foot striking first to 
eliminate shock. 

9. The Half Step: 

1—Half Step, 2—MARCH. 

Take steps of 15 inches in quick time, 




DRILL REGULATIONS 


124 


18 inches in double time. To resume the 
full step from half-step or mark time, 1— 
Forward, 2—MARCH. 

10. The Side Step: 

Being at a halt or mark time; 1—Right 
(Left) Step, 2—MARCH. Carry and 
plant the right foot 15 inches to the right; 
bring the left foot beside it and continue 
the movement in the cadence of quick time. 

The side step is used for short distances 
only and is not executed in double time. 

11. Back Step: 

Being at a halt or mark time: 1—Back¬ 
ward, 2—MARCH. Take steps of 15 
inches straight to the rear. The back 
step is used for short distances only and 
is not executed in the double time. 

12. To Halt: 

To arrest the march in quick time or 
double time: 1—Squad, 2—HALT. 

At the command “Halt,” give as either 
foot strikes the ground, plant the other 
foot as in marching; raise and place the 
first foot by the .side of the other. If in 
double time drop the hands by the sides. 

13. To March to the Rear: 



DRILL REGULATIONS 


125 


Being in march: 1—To the rear, 2— 
MARCH. 

At the command “March,” given as the 
right foot strikes the ground, advance and 
plant the left foot; turn to the right about 
on the balls of both feet and immediately 
step off with the left foot. 

14. School of the Squad: 

Men are grouped into squads for pur¬ 
poses of instruction, discipline, control and 
order. 

The squad proper consists of a Corporal 
and seven Privates. 

The movements in the school of the 
squad are designed to make the squad a 
fixed unit and to facilitate the control and 
movement of the Company. If the num¬ 
ber of men grouped is more than 3 and 
less than 12, they are formed as a squad 
of four files, the excess above 8 being 
posted as file closers. If the number 
grouped is greater than 11, then 2 or more 
squads are formed and the group is termed 
a platoon. 

For the instruction of recruits, these 
rules may be modified. 


126 


DRILL REGULATIONS 


The squad executes the Halt, Rests, 
Facings, Steps, and Marchings as ex¬ 
plained in the School of the Soldier. 

15. Alignments: 

To align the squad, the base file or files 
having been established: 1—Right (Left), 
2—DRESS, 3—FRONT. 

At the command, “Dress,” all men place 
the left hand upon the hip (whether dress¬ 
ing to the right or left) ; each man, except 
the base file, when on or near the new 
line executes Eyes Right and taking steps 
of 2 or 3 inches, places himself so that his 
right arm rests lightly against the arm of 
the man on his right, and so that his eyes 
and shoulders are in line with those of the 
men on his right, the rear rank men cover 
in file. 

The instructor verifies the alignment of 
both ranks from the right flank and orders 
up or back such men as may be in the rear, 
or in advance of the line; only the men 
designated above. 

At the command “Front,” given when 
the ranks are aligned, each man turns his 
head and eyes to the front and drops his 


DRILL REGULATIONS 


m 


left hand by his side. 

16. Right and Left Guide: 

To preserve the alignment when march¬ 
ing: GUIDE RIGHT (LEFT). 

To preserve their intervals from the side 
of the guide yielding to pressure from that 
side and resisting pressure from the op¬ 
posite direction, they recover intervals, if 
lost, by gradually opening out or closing 
in; they recover alignment by slightly 
lengthening or shortening the step; the 
rear men cover their file leaders at 40 
inches. 

Being in line to turn and march: 1— 
Squad Right (Left), 2—MARCH. 

At the latter command, number one (1) 
of the front rank turns to the right in 
marching and marks time. The other 
men of the front rank oblique to the right 
placing themselves abreast of number one 
when they also mark time. In the rear 
rank, number three followed in column by 
numbers two and one, moves straight to 
the front until directly behind his front 
rank man, when all will face to the right 
in marching and mark time. Number four 


128 


DRILL REGULATIONS 


of the rear rank takes four paces straight 
to the front and then places himself along¬ 
side number three of his rank. Men on 
the new line will glance toward the march¬ 
ing flank while marking time, and as the 
last man arrives on the line, both ranks 
move straight to the front without further 
command. 


CARE OF THE FEET 

(Courtesy of Chief Surgeon Patrick 
J. Murray.) 

Without healthy feet the patrolman, 
like the soldier, cannot perform his duties 
without special effort, causing more or less 
pain and discomfort and considerable cur¬ 
tailment of his efficiency. In the recent 
war among unseasoned Europeans troops 
fully ten per cent were disabled by minor 
foot ailments on taking to field duty. 

Without a doubt, the duties of a soldier 
in modern armies tax his physical and 
mental capacities to the utmost. In the 
infantry a soldier’s feet are especially 
taxed. However, insofar as his feet are 
concerned, his lot is infinitely easier than 
that of a patrolman in a large city. Neither 
in field nor in camp do the duties of a sol¬ 
dier require him to use his feet for more 
than two consecutive hours without being 


129 


130 


CARE OF THE FEET 


allowed a rest period. Moreover, his 
duties are varied and ever-changing, thus 
eliminating the monotony. 

On the other hand, the duties of the 
patrolman are usually the same, day after 
day; namely, standing or walking on the 
hard pavements from seven to nine con¬ 
secutive hours. Depending upon the tem¬ 
perature, be it high or low, the hot or cold, 
pavements have considerable effect upon 
the feet and are a predisposing cause 
of many foot ailments. Prolonged stand¬ 
ing or walking on hot pavements may 
cause blisters, while cold pavements may 
cause chilblains. 

Foot Strain 

The question might arise as to whether 
a patrolman should not be in good physi¬ 
cal condition due to his standing and 
walking in the fresh air and sunshine daily. 
Here we must differentiate between exer¬ 
cise and work. Exercise may be defined 
as the physical effort that the individual 
exerts for his amusement and recreation. 
When exercise is the main element in an 


FOOT STRAINS 


131 


individual’s daily duties it is, of course, 
not performed for recreational purposes. 
It is usually too prolonged, causing a body 
fatigue with a strain of the muscles which 
have been taxed the greatest. Exercise, 
thereupon, becomes work which is well 
illustrated in a patrolman’s daily duties. 

At the beginning of his patrol, the 
standing and walking is exercise. How¬ 
ever, after the first four or five hours the 
feet become fatigued and strained, the in¬ 
tensity depending upon the presence or 
absence of minor foot lesions, and muscu¬ 
lar and bone disturbances. 

We will assume that the patrolman suf¬ 
fers from fatigued and strained feet from 
his first day’s duties. If he does not rest 
sufficiently after performing this duty so 
that the strained foot muscles can recu¬ 
perate, but reports for duty the next day, 
his feet still feeling fatigued and he does 
this day after day, never allowing the 
muscles of his feet to fully recuperate from 
the strain of the previous day’s duties, an 
acute or chronic foot strain results. This 
is the forerunner of arch disturbances, 


132 


CARE OF THE FEET 


bone displacements, muscular spasms and 
other conditions. 

It is very important that patrolmen 
avoid foot strain by walking and standing 
correctly, feet parallel, and by resting 
completely after a day’s patrol. 

Exercises and contrast baths are meas¬ 
ures which yield splendid results in pre¬ 
venting or curing foot strain. The exer¬ 
cises are as follows: 

1. Stand with the feet parallel and 
rise on the outer borders of the feet. Re¬ 
peat 20 times. 

♦ 

2. Do the same exercise walking ten 
steps on the outer borders of the feet. 

3. Walk thirty steps on the toes. 

4. Stand on a board with the toes pro¬ 
truding over the edge. Flex the toes up 
and down thirty times. 

Contrast baths tone up the muscles and 
stimulate the nerves. It is done by plac¬ 
ing the feet for a minute in a receptacle 
containing hot water, taking them out and 
immediately placing them in cold water 


FOOT STRAINS 


133 


for a minute. This should be done alter¬ 
nately for about ten minutes. 

If a certain point on a bone is sub¬ 
jected to continued irritation, a growth 
called an exostosis or spur may be formed 
at that point. When this bone functions, 
the spur irritates the soft tissues sur¬ 
rounding it, causing pain and inflamma¬ 
tion in that region. 

Patrolmen should avoid wearing shoes 
in which are protruding nails and eleva¬ 
tions and also supports, and braces. These 
may be the cause of a spur formation. 

When subjected to severe and pro¬ 
longed strain sometimes the bones on the 
inner side of the foot constituting the 
longitudinal arch are displaced downward 
accompanied with an inward rolling of the 
foot, giving rise to severe pain. It may 
be caused by continuous standing and 
walking with the weight of the body 
thrown on the inner side of the feet. The 
body weight should at all times be carried 
so that it is distributed on the heel, the 
outer border on the foot and the ball of 
the five toes. 


134 


CARE OF THE FEET 


Primary Causes of Most Foot 
Ailments 

Ill-Fitting Shoes 

Shoes that are pointed, not constructed 
anatomically correct and are fitted on the 
individual so that they are either too large 
or too small, cause the bones to become 
displaced, the muscles and ligaments 
strained and irritation at special points, 
resulting in the formation of corns and 
callouses, etc. Shoes should be con¬ 
structed anatomically correct, fitted in the 
right size, of soft durable leather with no 
nails or seams protruding within the shoe. 

Arch Supports 

The practice of wearing various types 
of arch supports and braces on the advice 
of shoe clerks and non-professionals is to 
be severely condemned. It is obvious that 
neither relief nor cure can be effected in 
any case by the use of appliances, unless 
a correct diagnosis of the case is first made. 
Non-professionals, as a rule, are not com¬ 
petent diagnosticians. Patrolmen have 


SYMPTOMS OF FLAT FOOT 


135 


been frequently inveigled into buying arch 
appliances which do not give them relief 
or effect a cure of their case, but on the 
contrary, further disarrange the struc¬ 
tural defects of their feet. Patrolmen 
should not wear arch appliances unless so 
advised by a surgeon or podiatrist. 

NOTE 

This article has not been written for the 
purpose of conveying technical or detailed 
information on foot ailments. Its purpose 
is to make the reader realize that healthy 
feet are very necessary to achieve success, 
and that a foot lesion, no matter how un¬ 
important it appears, may be the direct 
cause of complete foot disability if not 
attended to. 

Symptoms of Flat Foot 
The feet burn and become fatigued, 
which is accompanied by profuse sweating 
and stiffness after being seated. This is 
followed by pains in the instep or heel 
after a period of walking or standing, a 
pain that is often mistaken for rheuma- 


136 


SYMPTOMS OF FLAT FOOT 


tism. During the morning and after pro¬ 
longed periods of sitting the feet become 
sluggish and clumsy. The feet become 
larger and difficulty is experienced in get¬ 
ting shoes to fit. It will be found that 
walking is easier than standing. 

The following are symptoms not so 
common as those described above: 

Pain and stiffness in the great toe joint. 

There is a pain in the outer part of the 
ankle. 

At night, cramps will occur in the calves 
of the legs. 


SWIMMING 


Everyone should be able to float, to 
tread water and finally to swim and swim 
well. A person who has learned to swim 
is possessed of a great amount of confi¬ 
dence when in or about the water regard¬ 
less of depth, and no one can deny that 
such a feeling of security is a mighty fine 
feeling. It is not alone an asset to one¬ 
self, but can be of material aid in rescuing 
others in imminent danger of drowning. 

Each year the beaches, lakes and water¬ 
ways claim a great number of persons, the 
victims of drowning. This condition is 
appalling and should never exist, especi¬ 
ally as it does in big cities of our country, 
where swimming instructions can so read¬ 
ily be had both at municipal baths and 
private natatoriums under competent in¬ 
structors. 

Policemen as well as civilians should be 


1S7 


138 


SWIMMING 


able to swim. In fact, a policeman is paid 
by the community he serves to perform 
such tasks as will safeguard life and limb. 
Unless he can swim sufficiently well to 
rescue or aid in the rescue of drowning 
persons, he cannot possibly be 100 per cent 
efficient in his police work. 

It is just as important that persons in 
other walks of life be able to swim, first 
for the protection and safeguarding of 
themselves and loved ones; second, in the 
interest and welfare of others. 

A body that has been rescued from the 
water is not necessarily rescued from 
drowning. If the person is unconscious 
and apparently lifeless, it does not follow 
that life is extinct. The immediate and 
continued application of an artificial 
method of respiration will have the effect 
of restoring normal breathing provided 
the body has not been submerged for too 
long a period. 

Untiring efforts on the part of rescuers 
in the application of artificial respiration 
has often times resulted in bringing back 
life into the body of a person who has been 


RESCUE OF DROWNING PERSONS 


139 


unconscious for an hour or more. Opera¬ 
tors should work in relief periods, chang¬ 
ing every fifteen minutes. 

Rescue of Drowning Persons 

When called upon by someone in the 
water for assistance do not plunge in un¬ 
less you can swim well and know what you 
are about. If possible, toss a life pre¬ 
server, a log or anything that will keep 
the struggling persons afloat upon grasp¬ 
ing it. 

In any case, before entering the water 
pull off your shoes, coat and vest; this to 
relieve some of the weight caused by satu¬ 
rated clothing and to permit of freedom 
of action. 

Shout words of encouragement as you 
swim towards him. Do not get near 
enough for him to seize you until he is 
quiet or begins to sink, then coming upon 
him from the rear, seize him bv the hair, 
pull him over on his back. In this position 
with his head held in front of your body, 
you can swim backwards with him to 
safety or keep him afloat until help ar- 


140 


SWIMMING 


rives. In the case of a person with short 
or no hair seize him by the collar of his 
clothes, if undressed under the arm pits. 
If a person is calm enough to be trusted, 
he can support himself with one hand on 
your back and you can then swim in the 
ordinary way. 

If obliged to dive for a drowning per¬ 
son, take several deep breaths as fast as 
you can before doing so. This will enable 
you to stay under much longer. Keep 
your eyes open under water and the loca¬ 
tion of the drowning person may be 
known by a series of rising bubbles. Seize 
the person by the hair or collar and rise 
to the surface by quick pushes with the 
feet. 

Remove the body at once from the 
water. 

Persons have been known to recover 
after prolonged submersion and hours of 
insensibility; therefore do not despair of 
restoring life, even in the most desperate 
cases, and do not give up trying unless 
death is certain. Absence of the pulse or 
of the heart sounds to the unpracticed 


TREATMENT FOR DROWNING PERSONS 141 


observer is no proof that life is extinct. 

Treatment for drowning persons should 
be carried out qn the spot and without 
unnecessary delay, except that during 
severe inclement weather the body may be 
carried to a place of shelter. If the ser¬ 
vices of a physician are necessary, send for 
one. 

Treatment 

1— Roll the person in a blanket. 

2— Apply stimulants quickly. 

3— Open all clothing about the neck. 

4— Turn the person to a face-down po¬ 
sition. 

5 — Clasp your hands beneath the stom¬ 
ach and lift as high as possible, the head 
will hang down and the water that the 
drowning persons has taken in will run 
from the stomach and out through the 
mouth. Hold thus a few seconds, then 
turn patient on his back. 

6 Wipe all foreign and mucous matter 
from the mouth and clean out the back of 
throat with the finger. (Cover finger with 
several thicknesses of cloth while wiping 
out throat.) 



142 


SWIMMING 


If breathing has not commenced, there 
are certain simple methods to be applied 
to excite natural respiration. 

1. Give the patient several severe slaps 
on the chest with the open hand. 

2. Tickle the nose with a feather or 
straw. 

3. Dash cold water on the face and 
chest. 

If natural breathing is not established 
by these methods apply artificial respira¬ 
tion.) 

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION 
Schaefer Method. See fig. 40. 

1. The patient is layed stomach down, 
the arms folded under the head; the face 
to one side; the mouth opened and 
blocked. 

2. Straddle the patient at a point about 
the center of his body, facing toward his 
head. 

3. Place the hands on the ribs so that 
the little finger encircles the last rib. The 
fingers are joined, the thumb alongside 
the forefinger, 


ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION 


143 


4. Commence respiration by pressure 
downward on the ribs, thus forcing all air 
out of the lungs. 

5. Release the hands quickly, relieving 
the pressure on the ribs which will cause 
the air to rush in and fully inflate the 
lungs, which will take up the work of a 
bellows. Repeat the operation at the rate 
of about 16 to 18 times per minute. 

The above method is to be used only in 
the absence of a Pulmotor. 

































































































































